Table 1.

Summary Characteristics of Included Studies

Author(s)	Method Type	Study Design Type	Sample Characteristics	% African Americans	Risk subgroup	Sample Size	Type(s) of Colorectal Cancer Addressed	Level of Trust Measured	Measure of Trust	Measure of Colorectal Cancer Screening Behavior
Bass et. al, 2011	Qualitative	Focus groups	African American patients ages 50+ with varying CRC screening status	100%	50 and older	23	FOBT and Colonoscopy	Physician	N/A	Ever screened vs. Never Screened
Bastani, et. al., 2001	Mixed methods	Telephone survey and focus groups	Hispanic, African American, Asian, and White first-degree relatives of an individual diagnosed with CRC	48% (focus group); 25% (telephone survey)	50 and older; first degree relatives	123	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician	N/A	Survey item: (1) “Ever had FOBT, sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy? (2)”Had FOBT in last year“(3) Ever had sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy in past three years”
BeLue et. al, 2011	Quantitative	Cross-sectional design	Male African American veterans	100%	50 and older	260	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician	Primary Care Assessment Survey subscale (Trust in Provider)	Screening adherence was assessed according to the American Cancer Society guidelines.
Brandzel et. al, 2016	Qualitative	Focus Groups	Latina and Black/African American women with no previous history of cancer	62%	30 and older	39	General CRC screening was discussed	Physician and Organizational	N/A	N/A
Born et. al., 2009	Quantitative	Cross-sectional survey	Men and women ages 40+ without acute illness or apparent cognitive deficit	75.5% (<50 yo); 63.9% (>50+)	40 and older	282	FOBT	Physician	Trust in Most Doctors (MDs) Scale	Report of FOBT within the last 2 years
Brittain et. al., 2016	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	African American primary care patients ages 50+ who were currently non-adherent to CRC screening guidelines	100%	50 and older	817	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician	Health care provider (HCP) Trust Scale	Survey items to assess intention to screen for FOBT/colonoscopy in the next 6 months
Bynum et. al., 2012	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	Ethnically diverse men and women ages 50+	29.5%	50 and older	454	General CRC screening was assessed	Physician	Survey item: How much of the following interfere with your taking part in a cancer screening exam?-lack of trust in medical people	Survey item from the Cancer screening questionnaire (CSQ): “How likely are you to have a cancer screening exam if the screening were for colon cancer?”
Fyffe et. al., 2008	Qualitative	Focus groups	Black adult men ages 18+	100%	18 and older	24	Colonoscopy	Physician and Organization	N/A	N/A
Gao et. al., 2009	Qualitative	Videotaped observations of clinic visits and semi-structured interviews that doctors and patients separately completed following the visit	Patients ages 50+ that are not up-to-date on CRC screening and patients of participating physicians	29.5%	50 and older	44	General CRC screening was assessed	Physician and Organization	N/A	N/A
Gordon et. al., 2014	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	African Americans ages 50+ with low literacy	100	50 and older	102	Colonoscopy	Physician	Survey items: (1) Don’t go to doctor unless needed and (2) Get colonoscopy if trusted doctor recommended;	Survey items to assess perceived barriers and perceived facilitators of colonoscopy. Participants were asked whether or not they had ever had a screening test for CRC.
Greiner et. al, 2005	Qualitative	Focus groups	African Americans ages 40+ without obvious mental or cognitive impairment	100	40 and older	55	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician and Organization	n/a	N/A
Greiner et. al, 2005	Quantitative	Prospective	Men and women ages 40+ without acute illness or apparent cognitive deficit	68.8%	40 and older	293	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician	Trust in Health Care Providers Scale	FOBT card return (dichotomous: yes/no)
Griffith et. al., 2012	Qualitative	Focus groups	African American men and women age 40+ with at least one first-degree family member affected by CRC	100%	40 and older; first degree relatives	14	Colonoscopy	Physician and Organization	N/A	n/a
Gupta et. al, 2014	Quantitative	Prospective	Patients ages 50+ not current with screening	17.8%	50 and older	701	FOBT and Colonoscopy	Physician and Organization	Wake Forest Trust	CRC screening completion within 12 mo following enrollment
Holmes-Rovner et. al, 2002	Qualitative	Focus groups	African American and White men and women ages 50+	29%	50 and older	21	FOBT	Physician and Organization	N/A	N/A
Jandorf et. al, 2013	Quantitative	Randomized control trial	African American patients ages 50+ referred for colonoscopy screening	100%	50 and older	240	Colonoscopy	Trust in navigator	Trust in Navigator Scale	Completion of colonoscopy determined by chart audit
Lasser et al., 2008	Qualitative	Semi-structured Interviews	Outpatients ages 50+ who were eligible for colorectal cancer screening	39.1%	50 and older	23	Colonoscopy, FOBT	Physician	N/A	N/A
Lumpkins et al., 2015	Qualitative	Focus Groups	Men from predominantly African American churches ages 35+	100%	35 and older	28	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician and Organization	N/A	Participants completed a survey asking about their colorectal cancer knowledge regarding screening age, whether they had been screened, and whether they had brought up screening to their doctor.
Nicholson et al., 2008	Quantitative	Double-blind Randomized Study	African American men and women age 40 and older with no history of colorectal cancer and able to reach and respond to printed information	100%	40 and older	300	Not specified	Physician and Organization	Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale	Participants were asked if they had previously been screened for CRC and the extent to which they were planning on being screened in the next 6 months
O’Malley et al., 2004	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	African-American women ages 40+ with a usual source of care	100%	40 and older	961	FOBT	Physician	Survey items from the Primary Care Assessment (1) ‘‘Thinking about how much you trust your doctor, how strongly do you agree or disagree with the following statement: My doctor cares more about holding down costs than about doing what is needed for my health.’’ (2) ‘‘All things considered, how much do you trust your doctor?”	Respondents were asked about their adherence to colorectal cancer screening
Palmer et al., 2008	Qualitative	In-depth Interviews	African Americans ages 50+ with no personal history of colorectal cancer screening	100%	50 and older	36	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician and Organization	N/A	Adherence to CRC screening: Having a fecal occult blood test (FOBT) within the past year, a flexible sigmoidoscopy within the past 5 years, or a colonoscopy within the past 10 years
Purnell et al., 2010	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	African Americans ages 45+ with no personal history of cancer or colorectal disease	100%	45 and older	198	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, Barium enema	Physician and Organization	Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale	The Colorectal Cancer Screening Questionnaire (CCSQ)
Sanders Thompson et al., 2010	Quantitative	Randomized control trial	African Americans ages 45+	100%	45 and older	771	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician and Organization	Group Based Medical Mistrust Scale	Baseline survey items adapted from the National Cancer Institute Colorectal Cancer Screening Questionnaire; Intent to screen was assessed by a single item, which asked whether participants had decided against screening, were considering it, planning to or discussing it with a physician, or actively scheduling and seeking screening.
Sanders Thompson et al., 2013	Qualitative	Cognitive response interviews	African American men and women with no history of colorectal cancer and who had a mailing address and a working telephone number.	100%	50 and older	41	Not specified	Physician	Not specified	N/A
Sanders Thompson et al., 2013	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	African Americans age 50–75 who were born in the U.S, had a mailing address, and a working telephone.	100%	50 and older	655	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, Barium Enema	Physician and Organization	Not specified	The National Cancer Institute (NCI) CRCS questionnaire
Stacy et al., 2008	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	Individuals ages 50+ who went to 4 senior centers located in a racially diverse Midwestern metropolitan area.	19%	50 and older	43	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy	Physician and Organization	Not specified	Study questionnaire developed to assess knowledge about CRC screening and perceptions about barriers to screening
Tabbarah et al., 2005	Quantitative	Cross-sectional	Adults age 50 and older. Individuals were not excluded if they had colorectal cancer.	47%	50 and older	375	FOBT, Colonoscopy, Lower Endoscopy	Physician and Organization	Survey items: level of trust in the health information they received from different sources	Colorectal cancer screening behavior and attitudes were measured with items based on the Triandis model for consumer decision-making