Table 3.
Comparison of Neuropsychology Assessment Results: Cohort Composed of Postoperative Outliers and Control Participants Composed of Postoperative and Previously Studied Third Window Syndrome Surgical Patients.
| Feature and Instrument | Outlier Cohort (n = 12) | Control Cohort (n = 17) | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female gender (n, %) | 8 (66.7%) | 14 (82.4%) | 0.595 |
| Mean Years of Age (range) | 49.8 (22.6–62.4) | 38.2 (16.1–64.0) | 0.054 |
| Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic (MBMD) | n = 12 | n = 10 | |
| Coping Styles | |||
| Dejected | 65.8 (10–111) | 44.9 (10–94) | 0.127 |
| Stress Moderators | |||
|
Functional Deficits vs Functional Competence |
89.2 (73–110) | 43.8 (10–100) | 0.001 |
| Pain Sensitivity vs Pain Tolerance | 94.3 (65–110) | 47.5 (10–100) | 0.002 |
| Future Pessimism vs Future Optimism | 77.3 (35–94) | 41.0 (5–93) | 0.016 |
| Management Guidelines | |||
| Adjustment Difficulties | 92.3 (64–115) | 59.2 (15–90) | 0.003 |
| Psych Referral | 84.8 (45–115) | 50.4 (15–100) | 0.017 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) | 14.7 (2–26) | 3.5 (0–18) n = 15 | <0.001 |
| General Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7) | 8.3 (2–19) | 3.7 (0–19) n = 13 | 0.009 |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences Rating Scale (ACEs) | 2.9 (1–8) | 3.2 (0–7) n = 12 | 0.861 |
| Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, 2nd Edition (WRAML2) | |||
| Verbal Memory | |||
| Story Memory | 10.2 (6–16) | 14.9 (11–19) n = 15 | 0.002 |
| Verbal Learning | 99.7 (82–126) | 120.9 (100–143) n = 16 | 0.002 |
| Visual Index | |||
| Design Memory | 11.5 (7–17) | NA n = 2 | |
| Picture Memory | 10.6 (5–14) | NA n = 2 | |
| Attention/Concentration Index | n = 12 | n = 15 | |
| Finger Windows | 6.8 (3–10) | 12.5 (3–19) | <0.001 |
| Number Letter | 10.3 (6–14) | 11.3 (8–15) | 0.491 |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4th Edition (WAIS IV) | |||
| Verbal Comprehension Index | 109.1 (89–130) | 114.4 (92–135) n = 15 | 0.305 |
| Perceptual Reasoning Index | 103.5 (79–127) | 109.9 (88–129) n = 15 | 0.240 |
| Processing Speed Index | 93.2 (74–122) | NA n = 2 | |
| Working Memory Index | 100.1 (83–119) | 115.3 (108–128) n = 16 | 0.001 |
| FSIQ (WAIS IV [outliers]) vs WRIT (controls) | 102.3 (88–123) (n = 12) | 110.6 (81–136) (n = 16) | 0.056 |
| Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) | |||
| Trail Making Tests, Conditions 4 & 5 (TMT) | n = 12 | n = 16 | |
| Number–Letter Switching (Condition 4) | 8.6 (1–13) | 10.9 (7–14) | 0.110 |
| Motor Speed (Condition 5) | 10.7 (9–12) | 12.2 (10–14) | 0.005 |
FSIQ = Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (composite WAIS IV intelligence score); WRIT = Wide Range Intelligence Test.