Skip to main content
. 2017 Oct 24;7:13953. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13763-9

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients with AKI with or without operations.

Total Without operations With operations P value
Number of patients Demographics 2898 1839 1059
 Age group, years (x ± SD) 62.3 ± 17.3 64.1 ± 17.5 59.3 ± 16.5 <0.001
 Aged 18–39 308 (10.6%) 183 (10.0%) 125 (11.8%) <0.001
 Aged 40–59 889 (30.7%) 510 (27.7%) 379 (35.8%)
 Aged 60–79 1159 (40.0%) 728 (39.6%) 431 (40.7%)
 Aged ≥80 542 (18.7%) 418 (22.7%) 124 (11.7%)
Male, n (%) 1884 (65.0%) 1173 (63.8%) 711 (67.1%) 0.068
Region
 North 791 (27.3%) 509 (27.7%) 282 (26.6%) 0.088
 Northwest 1333 (46.0%) 824 (44.8%) 509 (48.1%)
 Southeast 280 (9.7%) 171 (9.3%) 109 (10.3%)
 Southwest 494 (17.0%) 335 (18.2%) 159 (15.0%)
Medical history, n (%)
 Previous CVD 992 (34.2%) 756 (41.1%) 236 (22.3%) <0.001
 Previous HT 1232 (42.5%) 846 (46.0%) 386 (36.5%) <0.001
 Previous DM 584 (20.2%) 415 (22.6%) 169 (16.0%) <0.001
 Pre-exsisting CKD 684 (23.6%) 512 (27.8%) 172 (16.2%) <0.001
 Malignancy 727 (25.1%) 400 (21.8%) 327 (30.9%) <0.001
Cause of AKI, n (%)
 Pre-renal 1621 (55.9%) 977 (53.1%) 644 (60.8%) <0.001
 Intrinsic-renal 795 (27.4%) 541 (29.4%) 254 (24.0%) 0.002
 Post-renal 133 (4.59%) 87 (4.73%) 46 (4.34%) 0.632
 Unclassified 349 (12.0%) 234 (12.7%) 115 (10.9%) 0.137
Injury factors, n(%)
 Hypoperfusion 2319 (80.0%) 1463 (79.6%) 856 (80.8%) 0.408
 Nephrotoxicity 2444 (84.3%) 1543 (83.9%) 901 (85.1%) 0.402
 Sepsis 225 (7.8%) 138 (7.5%) 87 (8.2%) 0.491
 Others 1529 (52.8%) 877 (47.7%) 652 (61.6%) <0.001
Drugs, n (%)
 Aminoglycosides 120 (4.1%) 55 (3.0%) 65 (6.1%) <0.001
 Vancomycin 176 (6.1%) 94 (5.1%) 82 (7.7%) 0.004
 Antifungal drugs 298 (10.3%) 202 (11.0%) 96 (9.1%) 0.101
 Antiviral durgs 177 (6.1%) 129 (7.0%) 48 (4.5%) 0.007
 Antibiotics 1448 (50.0%) 838 (45.6%) 610 (57.6%) <0.001
 NSAIDs 423 (14.6%) 248 (13.5%) 175 (16.5%) 0.0256
 Immunosuppressive agents 154 (5.31%) 79 (4.3%) 75 (7.1%) <0.001
 Chemotherapy drugs 176 (6.1%) 122 (6.6%) 54 (5.1%) 0.096
 Chinese herbal medicine 49 (1.7%) 36 (2.0%) 13 (1.2%) 0.142
 others 1910 (65.9%) 1266 (68.8%) 644 (60.8%) <0.001
AKI stage, n(%)
 1 1474 (50.9%) 967 (52.6%) 507 (47.9%) 0.032
 2 746 (25.7%) 448 (24.4%) 298 (28.1%)
 3 678 (23.4%) 424 (23.1%) 254 (24.0%)
Comorbidities, n(%)
 MODS 471 (16.3%) 323 (17.6%) 148 (14.0%) 0.012
 ARDS 224 (7.7%) 141 (7.7%) 83 (7.8%) 0.869
 SEPSIS 225 (7.8%) 138 (7.5%) 87 (8.2%) 0.491
 SHOCK 414 (14.3%) 240 (13.1%) 174 (16.4%) 0.012
 DIC 47 (1.62%) 24 (1.31%) 23 (2.17%) 0.075
Treatment of AKI, n(%)
Specialist consultant
 Renal referral 492 (17.0%) 348 (18.9%) 144 (13.6%) <0.001
 RRT 169 (5.8%) 111 (6.0%) 58 (5.5%) 0.536
 RRT indication 316 (10.9%) 211 (11.5%) 105 (9.9%) 0.195
Hospital stay, (day) 20 (11–34) 19 (10–32) 22 (13–36) <0.001
In-hospital mortality, n (%)* 572 (20.1%) 392 (21.7%) 180 (17.4%) 0.006
Renal prognosis, n (%)
 Recovery 1717 (59.3%) 1015 (55.2%) 702 (66.3%) <0.001
 Recurred* 138 (4.9%) 81 (4.5%) 57 (5.6%) 0.206
 Maintenance RRT* 60 (47.2%) 44 (50.0%) 16 (41.0%) 0.350
Diagnosis* 0.018
 Omission diagnosis, n (%) 2335 (80.9%) 1461 (79.7%) 874 (83.0%)
 Delayed diagnosis, n (%) 139 (4.8%) 83 (4.5%) 56 (5.3%)
 Immediate diagnosis, n (%) 412 (14.3%) 289 (15.8%) 123 (11.7%)

*Data missing for in-hospital mortality in 55 cases (31 in AKI patients without operations vs 24 in AKI patients with operations), for recurred renal prognosis in 99 cases (55 vs 44), for maintenance RRT of renal prognosis in 2771 cases (1751 vs 1020), and for diagnosis in 12 cases (6 vs 6). CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; MODS: multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; RRT: renal replacement therapy.