Table 1.
Total | Without operations | With operations | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients Demographics | 2898 | 1839 | 1059 | |
Age group, years (x ± SD) | 62.3 ± 17.3 | 64.1 ± 17.5 | 59.3 ± 16.5 | <0.001 |
Aged 18–39 | 308 (10.6%) | 183 (10.0%) | 125 (11.8%) | <0.001 |
Aged 40–59 | 889 (30.7%) | 510 (27.7%) | 379 (35.8%) | |
Aged 60–79 | 1159 (40.0%) | 728 (39.6%) | 431 (40.7%) | |
Aged ≥80 | 542 (18.7%) | 418 (22.7%) | 124 (11.7%) | |
Male, n (%) | 1884 (65.0%) | 1173 (63.8%) | 711 (67.1%) | 0.068 |
Region | ||||
North | 791 (27.3%) | 509 (27.7%) | 282 (26.6%) | 0.088 |
Northwest | 1333 (46.0%) | 824 (44.8%) | 509 (48.1%) | |
Southeast | 280 (9.7%) | 171 (9.3%) | 109 (10.3%) | |
Southwest | 494 (17.0%) | 335 (18.2%) | 159 (15.0%) | |
Medical history, n (%) | ||||
Previous CVD | 992 (34.2%) | 756 (41.1%) | 236 (22.3%) | <0.001 |
Previous HT | 1232 (42.5%) | 846 (46.0%) | 386 (36.5%) | <0.001 |
Previous DM | 584 (20.2%) | 415 (22.6%) | 169 (16.0%) | <0.001 |
Pre-exsisting CKD | 684 (23.6%) | 512 (27.8%) | 172 (16.2%) | <0.001 |
Malignancy | 727 (25.1%) | 400 (21.8%) | 327 (30.9%) | <0.001 |
Cause of AKI, n (%) | ||||
Pre-renal | 1621 (55.9%) | 977 (53.1%) | 644 (60.8%) | <0.001 |
Intrinsic-renal | 795 (27.4%) | 541 (29.4%) | 254 (24.0%) | 0.002 |
Post-renal | 133 (4.59%) | 87 (4.73%) | 46 (4.34%) | 0.632 |
Unclassified | 349 (12.0%) | 234 (12.7%) | 115 (10.9%) | 0.137 |
Injury factors, n(%) | ||||
Hypoperfusion | 2319 (80.0%) | 1463 (79.6%) | 856 (80.8%) | 0.408 |
Nephrotoxicity | 2444 (84.3%) | 1543 (83.9%) | 901 (85.1%) | 0.402 |
Sepsis | 225 (7.8%) | 138 (7.5%) | 87 (8.2%) | 0.491 |
Others | 1529 (52.8%) | 877 (47.7%) | 652 (61.6%) | <0.001 |
Drugs, n (%) | ||||
Aminoglycosides | 120 (4.1%) | 55 (3.0%) | 65 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
Vancomycin | 176 (6.1%) | 94 (5.1%) | 82 (7.7%) | 0.004 |
Antifungal drugs | 298 (10.3%) | 202 (11.0%) | 96 (9.1%) | 0.101 |
Antiviral durgs | 177 (6.1%) | 129 (7.0%) | 48 (4.5%) | 0.007 |
Antibiotics | 1448 (50.0%) | 838 (45.6%) | 610 (57.6%) | <0.001 |
NSAIDs | 423 (14.6%) | 248 (13.5%) | 175 (16.5%) | 0.0256 |
Immunosuppressive agents | 154 (5.31%) | 79 (4.3%) | 75 (7.1%) | <0.001 |
Chemotherapy drugs | 176 (6.1%) | 122 (6.6%) | 54 (5.1%) | 0.096 |
Chinese herbal medicine | 49 (1.7%) | 36 (2.0%) | 13 (1.2%) | 0.142 |
others | 1910 (65.9%) | 1266 (68.8%) | 644 (60.8%) | <0.001 |
AKI stage, n(%) | ||||
1 | 1474 (50.9%) | 967 (52.6%) | 507 (47.9%) | 0.032 |
2 | 746 (25.7%) | 448 (24.4%) | 298 (28.1%) | |
3 | 678 (23.4%) | 424 (23.1%) | 254 (24.0%) | |
Comorbidities, n(%) | ||||
MODS | 471 (16.3%) | 323 (17.6%) | 148 (14.0%) | 0.012 |
ARDS | 224 (7.7%) | 141 (7.7%) | 83 (7.8%) | 0.869 |
SEPSIS | 225 (7.8%) | 138 (7.5%) | 87 (8.2%) | 0.491 |
SHOCK | 414 (14.3%) | 240 (13.1%) | 174 (16.4%) | 0.012 |
DIC | 47 (1.62%) | 24 (1.31%) | 23 (2.17%) | 0.075 |
Treatment of AKI, n(%) | ||||
Specialist consultant | ||||
Renal referral | 492 (17.0%) | 348 (18.9%) | 144 (13.6%) | <0.001 |
RRT | 169 (5.8%) | 111 (6.0%) | 58 (5.5%) | 0.536 |
RRT indication | 316 (10.9%) | 211 (11.5%) | 105 (9.9%) | 0.195 |
Hospital stay, (day) | 20 (11–34) | 19 (10–32) | 22 (13–36) | <0.001 |
In-hospital mortality, n (%)* | 572 (20.1%) | 392 (21.7%) | 180 (17.4%) | 0.006 |
Renal prognosis, n (%) | ||||
Recovery | 1717 (59.3%) | 1015 (55.2%) | 702 (66.3%) | <0.001 |
Recurred* | 138 (4.9%) | 81 (4.5%) | 57 (5.6%) | 0.206 |
Maintenance RRT* | 60 (47.2%) | 44 (50.0%) | 16 (41.0%) | 0.350 |
Diagnosis* | 0.018 | |||
Omission diagnosis, n (%) | 2335 (80.9%) | 1461 (79.7%) | 874 (83.0%) | |
Delayed diagnosis, n (%) | 139 (4.8%) | 83 (4.5%) | 56 (5.3%) | |
Immediate diagnosis, n (%) | 412 (14.3%) | 289 (15.8%) | 123 (11.7%) |
*Data missing for in-hospital mortality in 55 cases (31 in AKI patients without operations vs 24 in AKI patients with operations), for recurred renal prognosis in 99 cases (55 vs 44), for maintenance RRT of renal prognosis in 2771 cases (1751 vs 1020), and for diagnosis in 12 cases (6 vs 6). CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; MODS: multiple organ dysfunction syndrome; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation; RRT: renal replacement therapy.