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. 2017 Oct 24;7:13931. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13960-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Stimulants increase heparan sulfate abundance and sulfation. (a) Cocaine and methamphetamine increase HS content. Total HS abundance was significantly increased by cocaine (Coc, n = 6) and methamphetamine (Meth, n = 5) in the LH, a brain region where the HS proteoglycan syndecan-3 was previously found to regulate cocaine intake⁸. (b) Cocaine and methamphetamine significantly increase HS sulfation. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001, significant difference from saline (Sal) control (n = 6; one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD test). The data are expressed as mean + SEM.