Table 1. Characteristics of the 14,023 study subjects.
| Characteristic | Type 2 DM | Controls | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 3573 | 10,450 | |
| Age (years) | 66.2 ± 11.5 | 59.5 ± 13.8 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male/female, %) | 66.8/33.2 | 52.7/47.3 | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.2 ± 3.8 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | <0.0001 |
| Current or former smoker (%) | 38.5 | 35.8 | 0.0067 |
| Hypertension (%) | 76.9 | 45.6 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141 ± 26 | 128 ± 22 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 15 | 76 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 75.4 | 56.7 | <0.0001 |
| Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.68 ± 1.25 | 1.38 ± 0.92 | <0.0001 |
| Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.31 ± 0.41 | 1.57 ± 0.46 | <0.0001 |
| Serum LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.08 ± 0.97 | 3.13 ± 0.81 | 0.0159 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 34.5 | 20.4 | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 94.9 ± 123.5 | 73.1 ± 64.4 | <0.0001 |
| Estimated GFR (mL min−1 1.73 m−2) | 68.8 ± 24.1 | 73.4 ± 19.1 | <0.0001 |
| Hyperuricemia (%) | 22.4 | 15.8 | <0.0001 |
| Serum uric acid (μmol/L) | 336 ± 101 | 325 ± 92 | <0.0001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.81 ± 3.66 | 5.38 ± 0.77 | <0.0001 |
| Blood HbA1c (%) | 7.15 ± 1.73 | 5.48 ± 0.39 | <0.0001 |
Quantitative data are means ± SD and were compared between subjects with type 2 DM and controls with the unpaired Student's t test. Categorical data were compared between the two groups with Fisher's exact test. Based on Bonferroni's correction, a P value of <0.0028 (0.05/18) was considered statistically significant. Hypertension: systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg, or taking of anti-hypertensive medication. Dyslipidemia: serum triglyceride concentration of ≥1.65 mmol/L, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL)–cholesterol concentration of <1.04 mmol/L, serum low density lipoprotein (LDL)–cholesterol concentration of ≥3.64 mmol/L, or taking of anti-dyslipidemic medication. Chronic kidney disease: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL min−1 1.73 m−2, where eGFR (mL min−1 1.73 m−2) = 194 × (age in years)−0.287 × (serum creatinine in mg/dL)−1.094 (× 0.739 if female). Hyperuricemia: serum concentration of uric acid of >416 μmol/L.