Table 2. Maternal outcomes among pregnant women without type 1 diabetes and pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
| No. of events (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without T1D (n = 2,349,709) | With T1D (n = 630) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | Model 2 OR (95% CI)b | P value (Model 2) | |
| Death ≤ 30 d postpartum | 314 (0.01) | 0 (0) | NA | NA | NA | |
| Preeclampsia | 36,985 (1.57) | 110 (17.46) | 13.16 (10.57–16.39) | 11.53 (9.57–13.90) | 10.27 (8.53–12.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Eclampsia | 1,755 (0.07) | 8 (1.27) | 16.60 (7.95–34.68) | 17.36 (8.71–34.59) | 15.6 (7.81–31.15) | < 0.0001 |
| Cesarean delivery | 781,843 (33.27) | 386 (61.27) | 2.86 (2.38–3.43) | 1.89 (1.76–2.04) | 1.85 (1.72–2.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome | 999 (0.04) | 14 (2.22) | 53.48 (29.38–97.36) | 53.99 (30.0–97.3) | 38.34 (21.23–69.21) | < 0.0001 |
| Pulmonary edema | 325 (0.01) | 7 (1.11) | 81.52 (38.40–173.08) | 83.44 (39.6–176) | 69.51 (32.81–147.25) | < 0.0001 |
| Sepsis | 5,853 (0.25) | 22 (3.49) | 14.21 (8.89–22.69) | 14.25 (9.13–22.25) | 11.04 (7.12–17.11) | < 0.0001 |
| Chorioamnionitis | 8,057 (0.34) | 7 (1.11) | 3.27 (1.56–6.88) | 3.28 (1.57–6.83) | 2.99 (1.43–6.23) | 0.00345 |
| Pregnancy-related hypertension | 53,917 (2.29) | 132 (20.95) | 11.16 (9.07–13.73) | 9.51 (8.02–11.26) | 8.34 (7.04–9.87) | < 0.0001 |
| Puerperal cerebrovascular disorders | 1,707 (0.07) | 6 (0.95) | 13.34 (5.97–29.79) | 13.59 (6.13–30.1) | 11.31 (5.13–24.94) | < 0.0001 |
| Acute renal failure | 503 (0.02) | 7 (1.11) | 52.22 (22.61–120.63) | 53.79 (23.3–124) | 46.55 (20.21–107.22) | < 0.0001 |
| Shock | 1,186 (0.05) | 7 (1.11) | 21.03 (8.68–50.99) | 23.02 (10.01–52.93) | 19.76 (8.64–45.18) | < 0.0001 |
| Intracranial injuries | 5,580 (0.24) | 9 (1.43) | 6.02 (3.12–11.60) | 5.87 (3.09–11.1) | 4.83 (2.54–9.18) | < 0.0001 |
| Internal injuries of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis | 966 (0.04) | 2 (0.32) | 3.74 (0.53–26.37) | 3.78 (0.53–26.8) | 3.13 (0.45–22.06) | 0.25209 |
| Cardiac arrest/ventricular fibrillation | 112 (0.00) | 4 (0.63) | 133.44 (40.42–440.54) | 140.49 (41.9–471) | 103.67 (30.83–3448.55) | 0.00944 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 109 (0.00) | 2 (0.32) | 33.36 (4.66–238.63) | 35.74 (5.01–255) | 30.85 (4.27–222.68) | 0.00067 |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation | 1,541 (0.07) | 2 (0.32) | 2.56 (0.36–18.00) | 2.57 (0.37–17.88) | 2.31 (0.33–16.32) | 0.40129 |
| Severe anesthesia complications | 300 (0.01) | 2 (0.32) | 12.70 (1.78–90.46) | 12.62 (1.78–89.64) | 12.07 (1.73–84.01) | 0.01187 |
| Thrombotic embolism | 215 (0.01) | 1 (1.16) | 36.77 (9.13–148.19) | 36.01 (8.96–144.71) | 30.98 (7.53–127.39) | < 0.0001 |
| Hysterectomy | 1,861 (0.08) | 1 (0.16) | 1.91 (0.27–13.44) | 2.19 (0.31–15.51) | 2.28 (0.32–16.21) | 0.41019 |
| Antepartum hemorrhage | 209,865 (8.93) | 54 (8.57) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.95 (0.72–1.23) | 0.69712 |
| Severe postpartum hemorrhage | 63,345 (2.70) | 25 (3.97) | 1.47 (0.98–2.21) | 1.46 (0.99–2.16) | 1.33 (0.90–1.97) | 0.15480 |
aAdjusted for age, infant sex. bAdjusted for age, infant sex, place of residence, income, occupation, calendar year, and Charlson comorbidity index. T1D, type 1 diabetes; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, not available.