Table 3. Fetal outcomes among pregnant women without type 1 diabetes and pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.
| No. of events (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without T1D (n = 2,349,709) | With T1D (n = 630) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | Model 2 OR (95% CI)b | P value (Model 2) | |
| Stillbirth | 17,338 (0.74) | 25 (3.97) | 5.40 (3.62–8.07) | 5.53 (3.80–8.06) | 5.03 (3.45–7.34) | < 0.0001 |
| Preterm birth (< 37 week) | 178,062 (7.58) | 216 (34.29) | 2.96 (2.37–3.69) | 4.58 (4.09–5.13) | 4.21 (3.78–4.71) | < 0.0001 |
| Large for gestational age | 231,036 (9.83) | 257 (40.79) | 5.87 (4.95–6.97) | 4.27 (3.84–4.75) | 4.44 (3.99–4.95) | < 0.0001 |
| Small for gestational age | 228,163 (9.71) | 42 (6.67) | 0.67 (0.48–0.94) | 0.67 (0.49–0.92) | 0.62 (0.45–0.85) | 0.00298 |
| Low birth weight (< 2500 g) | 151,112 (6.43) | 109 (17.30) | 6.23 (5.25–7.40) | 2.68 (2.24–3.22) | 2.38 (1.99–2.84) | < 0.0001 |
| Apgar score < 7 at 5 min | 12,198 (0.52) | 15 (2.38) | 4.85 (2.90–8.11) | 4.79 (2.91–7.89) | 4.98 (3.05–8.15) | < 0.0001 |
| Fetal abnormalities, any | 105,833 (4.50) | 37 (5.87) | 1.30 (0.94–1.81) | 1.33 (0.98–1.81) | 1.14 (0.84–1.56) | 0.41291 |
aAdjusted for age, infant sex. bAdjusted for age, infant sex, place of residence, income, occupation, calendar year, and Charlson comorbidity index. T1D, type 1 diabetes; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.