Table 1. Known lncRNAs involved in LUAD.
| GENE | Locus | Nearby factor implicated in cancer | Mechanism(s) of action | Additional cancer association(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANRIL | 9p21 | CDKN2B (INK4-ARF) tumor suppressor | Oncogene. Antagonizes the CDKN2A and CDKN2B tumor suppressors via recruitment of PRC2 and PRC1 [57,58]. | basal cell, breast, cervical, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, liver, melanoma, ovarian. |
| H19 | 11p15 | IGF2 growth factor | Oncogene. Targets multiple tumor suppressive miRNAs [29,45]; parent transcript of miRNAs involved in regulation of tight junction dynamics [44,46]. | adrenal, bladder, cervical, colorectal, gallbladder, gastric, esophageal, laryngeal, nasopharyngeal, ovarian, pancreatic, thyroid. |
| HOTAIR | 12q13 | HOXC transcription factors | Oncogene. Long-range epigenetic action via recruitment of PRC2 and LSD1 [65–67]; serves as a miRNA sponge to block miR-331-3p mediated destruction of HER2 transcripts [68]. | bladder, colorectal, ER (+) breast, liver, nasopharyngeal, oral, ovarian, pancreatic, pituitary, small cell lung. |
| HOTTIP | 7p15 | HOXA transcription factors | Oncogene. Regulates chromatin structure at the HOXA transcription factor locus [98]. | colorectal, pancreatic, osteosarcoma, tongue. |
| MALAT1 | 11q13 | NEAT1 lncRNA | Oncogene. Suppresses E-cadherin via suz12 recruitment, leading to metastasis [112]. | glioma, multiple myeloma, pituitary, renal clear cell, tongue. |
| MEG3 | 14q32 | DLK1 growth factor receptor | Tumor Suppressor. Long-range epigenetic action, leading to suppression of TFG β [90]; blocks oncogenic activity of miR-21 [86]. | AML, cervical, colorectal, gastric, meningioma, ovarian, pancreatic, pituitary, prostate, thyroid. |
| NEAT1 | 11q13 | MALAT1 lncRNA | Oncogene. Promotes survival when DNA damage present via paraspeckle formation [122,123]. | colorectal, esophageal, gastric, glioma, leukemia, ovarian, prostate. |
The RefSeq gene name annotation, alongside the hg19 chromosomal location are listed. In addition, the established mechanism of action is listed, as well as other cancers where the lncRNA has demonstrated effects on tumor initiation, promotion, progression, and/or patient survival outcomes.