| The positive function of GDF11 in aging-related cardiovascular diseases and muscle dysfunction |
GDF11 levels decline with age. |
[19] [43] [77–81] |
| GDF11 reverses age-related cardiac hypertropy. |
[2] [19] [77–81] |
| GDF11 improves vascular and neurogenic function in aging mouse brain. |
[3] [19] [78–81] |
| GDF11 restores age-related skeletal muscle dysfunction in aging mouse. |
[4] [19] [78–81] |
| GDF11 decreases the risk of cardiovascular events and death in patients with stable ischaemic heart disease, protects against endothelial injury and reduces atherosclerotic lesion formation in apolipoprotein E-Null mice. |
[27] [94] |
| GDF11 serves as a novel predictor of mammalian life span. |
[82] |
| The negative or no function of GDF11 in aging-related cardiovascular diseases and muscle dysfunction |
GDF11 serum levels increase, unchange or can not be detected with age and disease. |
[5, 6] [40] [84, 85] |
| GDF11 does not rescue aging-raleted pathological hypertrophy. |
[5] [85] |
| GDF11 has a harmful effect or no significant effect on muscle function |
[6] [85–87] |
| Elevated GDF11 is a risk factor for age-related frailty and disease in humans. |
[84] [88] |
| GDF11 administration does not extend lifespan in a mouse model of premature aging. |
[89] |
