Table 2. The effect of GDF11 on cell viability, cell proliferation and cell migration in different endothelial cells.

Cell type	culture condition	GDF11 (concentration/time)	cell viability	cell proliferation	cell migration	Ref.
brain capillary endothelial cells	5% FBS (VEGF;EGF)	40 ng/mL 6 days		+		[3]
endothelial progenitor cells	10% FBS	40 ng/mL 3 days		none		[96]
endothelial progenitor cells	10% FBS	40 ng/mL 1 h				[96]
endothelial progenitor cells	Without FBS	40 ng/mL 1 day			+	[96]
human umbilical endothelial cells	10% FBS	50 ng/mL	none	none	none	[23]
rat aortic endothelial cells	10% FBS	50 ng/mL	none	none	none	[23]
human umbilical endothelial cells	Without FBS	50 ng/mL	+			[23]
mice aortic endothelial cells	unknown	50 ng/mL 1 or 3 days		none		[27]
mice aortic endothelial cells	unknown	50 ng/mL 5 days		+		[27]
mice aortic endothelial cells	unknown	unknown			none	[27]

+:promotion; none:no significant effect.