Table 1. Published studies investigating the roles of ERβ in malignant gliomas.
| Series | Year | Journal | Country | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Batistatou A, et al. | 2004 | Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology | Greece | ERβ is mainly expressed in astrocytes of low-grade gliomas and in normal astrocytes. Its presence decreases with increased malignancy of these tumors. |
| Batistatou A, et al. | 2006 | Journal of Neuro-Oncology | Greece | ERβ is found to be expressed in gliomas and oligodendrogliomas. ERβ expression tends to decrease with increased histological malignancy of the tumor. Patients with ERβ-positive tumors could be of better prognosis and longer survival times. |
| Kim J,H et al. | 2011 | BMB Reports | Korea | ERβ promoted up-regulation of Egr-1 expression via a non-genomic mechanism involving the Raf/MEK1/Erk/Elk-1 signaling cascade. |
| Kefalopoulou Z, et al. | 2012 | Journal of Neuro-Oncology | Greece | ERβ and ER co-activators AIB1, TIF2, and PELP1 appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of astrocytic tumors and might have prognostic significance. The mechanisms underlying their involvement in astrocytic tumorigenesis, as well as their utility for prognostic and therapeutic purposes merit further investigation. |
| Sareddy G,R et al. | 2012 | Molecular Cancer Therapeutics | USA | ERβ signaling has a tumor-suppressive function in gliomas. Because ERβ agonists are currently in clinical trials and are well tolerated with fewer side effects, identification of an ERβ agonist as a therapeutic agent can be readily extended to clinical use with current chemotherapies. |
| Li W, et al. | 2013 | Brain Research | USA | ERβ5 is the main ERβ isoform found in gliomas. Hypoxia induced ERβ5 expression in glioma as a self-protective mechanism against tumor proliferation and that ERβ5 might serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of glioma. |
| Liu C, et al. | 2014 | Cancer Epidemiology | China | This study indicated a combination of decreased expression of ERs, including ERβ, may be involved in the tumorigenesis of gliomas. |
| Liu X, et al. | 2015 | Molecular Medicine Reports | China | enhanced ERβ expression and sensitized glioma cells to TMZ-induced proliferation inhibition via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. |
Abbreviations: TMZ: temozolomide.