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. 2017 Oct 24;7:13939. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14170-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Furrows are formed by uneven growth of the horn primordia epithelial cell sheet (a). Developmental time window of the larval-pupal transformation in Trypoxylus dichotomus. During approximately eight days of the prepupal period, the horn primordia develops. (b) Schematic diagram of a frontal section of the horn primordia shown in (c,f,i and l). (c,f,i,l) Frontal section of the whole prepupal head (black bar represents 5 mm). (d,g,j,m) Magnified image of the windows in (c,f,i and l), respectively. (e,h,k,n) Horn primordia surfaces are manually traced from (d,g,j and m), respectively. Note that the major furrow, which starts to be formed at prepupal day 3 (f–h), grows deeper and is branched (i–k).