Table 1. Patient characteristics.
| Total (n = 76) | |
|---|---|
| General characteristics | |
| Age (years) | 66.6 ± 9.4 |
| Sex (male) | 45 (59%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 3.4 |
| Smoking history | 42 (55%) |
| Current | 6 (8%) |
| Past | 36 (47%) |
| Never | 34 (45%) |
| Hypertension | 35 (46%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 33 (43%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (25%) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 ± 0.8 |
| COPD | 13 (17%) |
| Severe renal dysfunction (GFR <30) | 17 (22%) |
| Hemodialysis | 7 (9 %) |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 62.4 ± 13.7 |
| Preoperative medications | |
| ARB | 35 (46%) |
| ACEI | 20 (26%) |
| SAB | 2 (3%) |
| CCB | 35 (46%) |
| β-blocker | 41 (54%) |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 8 (11%) |
| α-glucosidase inhibitor | 6 (8%) |
| Glinide | 3 (4%) |
| Biguanide | 2 (3%) |
| Sulfonyl urea | 1 (1%) |
| Thiazolidine | 1 (1%) |
| Insulin | 3 (4%) |
| Statin | 33 (43%) |
| Procedure | |
| CPB use | 56 (74%) |
| Valve surgery | |
| Aortic | 13 (17%) |
| Mitral | 2 (3%) |
| Aortic root | 2 (3%) |
| Combined | 27 (36%) |
| AVR + CABG | 3 (4%) |
| MVP + CABG | 5 (7%) |
| Major thoracic vascular surgery | |
| Ascending aorta | 2 (3%) |
| Arch | 1 (1%) |
| Thoracoabdominal aorta | 1 (1%) |
| OPCAB | 20 (26%) |
| Operative time (m) | 452.2 ± 133.9 |
| CPB time (m) | 268.6 ± 88.7 |
| Cardiac arrest time (m) | 181.6 ± 65.9 |
BMI: body mass index; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; SAB: selective aldosterone blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; DPP: dipeptidyl peptidase; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; OPCAB: off-pump coronary artery bypass; AVR: aortic valve replacement; MVP: mitral valve plasty