Table 1.
List of product-oriented coenzyme engineering on natural nicotinamide coenzymes NAD(P).
| Enzyme | Source | Specificity | Mutations | Product | Increasing effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase | Corynebacterium glutamicum | NADH→NADPH | D35G/L36R/P192S | Lysine | ∼60% higher yield | [120] |
| NADH oxidase 2 | Streptococcus mutans | NADH→NADPH | V193R/V194H | 2-heptanone | NA | [121] |
| 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose reductase | Sinorhizobium Morelense | NADPH→NADH | A13G | 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol | NA | [122] |
| Imine reductase | Streptomyces sp. GF3587 | NADPH→NADH | K40A | 2-methylpyrolidine | ∼64% higher conversion | [123] |
| Ketol-acid reductoisomerase | Escherichia coli | NADPH→NADH | A71S/R76D/S78D/Q110V | 2-methylpropan-1-ol (isobutanol) | 3-fold higher titer | [39] |
| Xylose reductase | Pichia stipitis | NADPH→NADH | R276H | Ethanol | ∼20% higher yield | [91] |
| Xylose reductase | Candida tenuis | NADPH→NADH | K274R/N276D | Ethanol | ∼42% higher yield | [124] |
| 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase | Thermotoga maritima | NADP+→NAD+ | N32E/R33I/T34I | Electricity | ∼25% higher maximum power density and current density | [125] |
| 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase | Geobacillus stearothermophilus | NADP+→NAD+ | N33D/R34Y/K38L | Polyhydroxybutyrate | NA | [126] |
| Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase | Geobacillus stearothermophilus | NADP+→NAD+ | A47D | Polyhydroxybutyrate | NA | [126] |
| Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase | Thermotoga maritima | NADP+→NAD+ | S33E/R65M/T66S | Hydrogen | NA | Unpublished |
NA: Not Available.