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. 2017 Oct 24;7:13930. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13674-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Activation of Rac1 GTPase in lateral amygdala impaired long-term but not short-term fear memory formation. (a) Description of the behavioral protocol. Mice injected with AAV containing PA-Rac1 were subjected to 3 tone-shock pairings. During each pairing the animals received blue light (473 nm) illumination in LA to activate the PA-Rac1. Fear memory was tested 1 hr (STM) or 24 hrs (LTM) after training. Controls were animals injected with AAV containing the PA-Rac1 and subjected to fear conditioning but without light. (b) Freezing throughout the tones presentations during training of animals used in the STM experiment subjected to light or no light control was analyzed. There is no significant difference between light and no light groups (F_(1,13) = 1.214, p > 0.2). (c) There was no significant difference between the light (n = 7) and no light (n = 8) groups when tested for fear STM (F_(1,13) = 0.029, p > 0.8). (d) Freezing throughout the tones presentations during training of animals used in the LTM experiment subjected to light or no light control was analyzed. There is no significant difference between light and no light groups (F_(1,18) = 0.422, p > 0.5). (e) Activation of Rac1 GTPase by light during fear conditioning (n = 10) inhibited fear LTM formation compared to the no light control group (n = 10) when tested 24 hrs after training (F_(1,18) = 4.671, p < 0.05). (g) Freezing throughout the tones presentations during training of animals that were not injected with virus but subjected to light or no light control that were used in the LTM experiment was analyzed. There is no significant difference between light and no light groups (F_(1,17) = 0.489, p > 0.4). (f) There is no significant difference between the animals that were not injected with AAV and subjected to light and animals that were not injected with AAV and not subjected to light (F_(1,17) = 0.305, p > 0.5) in the long-term fear conditioning memory test.