Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Oct 24;7:13930. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13674-9

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Inhibition of PAK activity in LA enhanced long-term, but not short-term, fear conditioning memory. (a) Schematic description of the short-term memory (STM) fear conditioning behavioral protocol. (b) Freezing during training was not different in animals to be tested for STM and microinjected with IPA-3 30 minutes before fear conditioning when compared to PIR-3.5 injected mice (F_(1,19) = 0.002, p > 0.9). (c) Microinjection of IPA-3 into LA 30 minutes before fear conditioning (n = 12) had no significant effect on fear memory compared to PIR-3.5 microinjected controls (n = 9) when tested 1 hr after training (F_(1,19) = 0.138, p > 0.7). (d) Cannulas placement in animals that participated in the STM test. (e) Schematic description of the long-term memory (LTM) fear conditioning behavioral protocol. (f) Freezing during training was not different in animals to be tested for LTM and microinjected with IPA-3 30 minutes before fear conditioning when compared to PIR-3.5 injected mice (F_(1,14) = 0.089, p > 0.7). (g) Microinjection of IPA-3 into LA 30 minutes before fear conditioning enhanced fear memory compared to PIR-3.5 microinjected controls when tested 24 hrs after training (F_(1,14) = 4.885, p < 0.05) (n = 8 each). (h) Fear conditioning was enhanced in mice injected with IPA-3 into LA 30 minutes before training (n = 5) and tested 48 hrs after training when compared to PIR-3.5 microinjected mice (n = 6) (F_(1,9) = 7.674, p < 0.03). (i) Fear conditioning was enhanced in mice injected with IPA-3 into LA 30 minutes before training (n = 5) and tested 72 hrs after training when compared to PIR-3.5 microinjected mice (n = 6) (F_(1,9) = 6.812, p < 0.03). (j) Cannulas placement in animals that participated in the LTM test.