Table 1.
Spontaneous CSF Leaks (Anterior Skull Base Repairs).
| Study Name, Year | Study Type |
Patients (#) (Gender) |
Approach | Recon Layers |
LD (#) Duration |
Follow up (avg) | Post‐op CSF leak (%) | Fluorescein |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lopatin et al,36 2003 | Retro |
21 (15F/6M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (21/21) 5‐8 d |
9–42 mo | 4.8% | N.R |
| Tosun et al,37 2003 | Retro |
7 (CND) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (CND) 1‐5 d |
36 mo | 14% | N.R. |
| Schlosser et al,12 2003 | Retro |
16 (13F/3M) |
Endonasal | 1 or 2 layers |
Yes (16/16) 2‐3 d |
14.1 mo | 0% | Yes |
| Zuckerman et al,38 2005 | Retro |
11 (8F/3M) |
Endonasal | 2 layers or 3 layers |
Yes (11/11) CND |
15 mo | 18.2% | Yes |
| Silva et al,39 2006 | Retro |
6 (5F/1M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers or 4 layers | No | 27.4 mo | 0% | Yes |
| Basu et al,40 2006 | Retro |
8 (CND) |
Endonasal | 2 layers | N.R. | 25 mo | 12.5% | No |
| Woodworth et al,13 2008 | Retro |
56 (43F/13M) |
Endonasal + Caldwell Luc | 2 layers or 3 layers |
Yes (56/56) 2‐3 d |
34 mo | 5% | Yes |
| Purkey et al,14 2009 | Retro |
7 (5F/2M) |
Endonasal +Trephine | 2 layers |
Yes (7/7) 2‐3 d |
27.8 mo | 0% | Yes |
| Singh et al,41 2009 | Retro |
7 (5F/2M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers | No | N.R. | 0% | No |
| Banks et al,42 2009 | Retro |
77 (57F/20M) |
Endonasal | multiple |
Yes (CND) CND |
21 mo | 9% | Yes |
| Alameda et al,43 2009 | Retro |
10 (CND) |
Endonasal | 2 layers or 3 layers |
Yes (10/10) 4‐5 d |
23 mo | 6% | Yes |
| Forer et al,16 2010 | Retro |
7 (5F/2M) |
Endonasal | 5 layers | No | 33.7 mo | 14% | No |
| Seth et al,44 2010 | Retro |
39 (33F/6M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (38/39) CND |
23 mo | 12.8% | Yes |
| Giannetti et al,45 2011 | Retro |
26 (24F/2M) |
Endonasal | unk |
Yes (CND) CND |
70 mo | 38% | Yes |
| Caballero et al,46 2012 | Retro |
40 (CND) |
Endonasal | unk |
Yes (30/40) CND |
13 mo | 20% | Yes |
| Kirtane et al,47 2012 | Retro |
13 (7F/6M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers | No | 6–40 mo | 0% | No |
| Albu et al,21 2013 | Retro |
36 (CND) |
Endonasal | 2 layers |
Yes (17/36) 3 d |
48 mo | 16% | Yes |
| Deenadayal et al,48 2013 | Retro |
7 (5F/2M) |
Endonasal | 2 layers |
Yes (7/7) 2 d |
5–40 mo (15) | 0% | No |
| Virk et al,49 2013 | Retro |
36 (27F/9M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (22/36) CND |
21 mo | 11% | Yes |
| Chaaban et al,8 2014 | Prosp |
46 (34F/12M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (38/46) 3 d |
22 mo | 7.1% | Yes |
| Elmorsy et al,50 2014 | Retro |
31 (22F/9M) |
Endonasal | 4 layers | No | 32.4 mo | 12.9% | Yes |
| Fyrmpas et al,51 2014 | Retro |
11 (8F/3M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (11/11) 2‐4 d |
37.1 mo | 9.1% | No |
| Sannareddy et al,52 2014 | Retro |
11 (9F/2M) |
Endonasal | 2–3 layers |
Yes (7/11) 3 d |
15 mo. | 18.2% | No |
| Lieberman et al,53 2015 | Retro |
44 (35F/9M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (1/44) CND |
9.2 mo | 0% | Yes |
| Emanuelli et al,54 2015 | Retro |
10 (9F/1M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
No CND |
6–24 mo | 0% | Yes |
| Martínez‐Capoccioni et al,55 2015 | Retro |
25 (20F/5M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers or 2 layers |
Yes (25/25) 3 d |
1–72 mo | 4% | No |
| Pagella et al,56 2016 | Retro |
6 (6F/0M) |
Endonasal | 2 layers or NSF | No | 34–124 mo (80.8) | 16.7% | Yes |
| Ziade et al,23 2016 | Retro |
10 (8F/2M) |
Endonasal | 2 layers | No | 6–38 mo | 0% | Yes |
| Nix et al,57 2016 | Retro |
7 (CND) |
Endonasal | 2–4 Layers | No | N.R. | 0% | N.R |
| Sarkar et al,17 2016 | Retro |
5 (3F/2M) |
Endonasal | 1 layer |
Yes (5/5) 2 d |
11.4 mo | 0% | N.R. |
| Kljajic et al,58 2016 | Retro |
10 (7F/3M) |
Endonasal | 3 layers |
Yes (10/10) 5 d |
N.R. | 0% | Yes |
| Total |
646
(414F/124M) (77%F/23%M) |
0‐38%
Avg = 9% |
19 Studies |
Avg = average; CND; could not determine; F = Female; LD = lumbar drain; M = Male; N.R. = not reported; Prosp = prospective; Retro = retrospective study.