Table 3.

Model parameters for the best-fitting model for translation items

Fixed effects	Estimate	SE	z value	p
Intercept	3.21	0.66	4.87	< .001
Gesture to equations	1.48	0.66	2.26	0.02
Age	0.18	0.08	2.29	0.02
Output	0.31	0.47	0.67	0.51
Element	1.99	0.28	7.15	< .001
Pretest	1.30	0.29	4.50	< .001
Random effects	Variance	SD
Participant	14.54	3.81
Element	2.10	1.45
Output	3.59	1.89
Item	0.25	0.50

Posttest ~ Gesture to Equations + Age + Output + Element + Pretest + (1|item) + ((1 + Element + Output)|participant). SE standard error, SD standard deviation