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. 2017 Feb 9;35(10):2323–2328. doi: 10.1002/jor.23525

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© 2017 The Authors. Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Quantile‐quantile plots for association of probe methylation levels with either (A) sample case/control status, (B) cobalt levels, or (C) chromium levels. The x‐axis is −log10 of the expected p values under the null hypothesis of no association, and the y‐axis is −log10 of the observed p values. Red line represents equality between observed and expected values. The p values were obtained from logistic regression using ten covariates (black), with a very high inflation (λ values inset) suggesting potential confounding. Logistic regression with an additional co‐variate of 1st principal component (PC, purple) to account for sub‐clustering of samples (potentially due to technical confounding) shows reduced inflation.