Fig. 11.

Kinematics of the esophageal layers at four different stages: at rest (t = 0 s); at dilation (t = 1.0 s); at contraction (t = 1.2 s); and at relaxation (t = 2.4 s) for Case 2 in Section 4.4.2. The three layers included in the model, from the inside to the outside, are the mucosa, CM, and LM layers, respectively. (Upper) Side view of a section of the esophagus within the box: (−7 mm, 7 mm) × (−0.2 mm, 0.2 mm) × (45 mm, 115 mm); (Lower) top view of a section of the esophagus within the box: (−7 mm, 7 mm) × (−7 mm, 7 mm) × (89.5 mm, 90.5 mm).