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Model parameters for the circular muscle (CM) contraction and longitudinal muscle (LM) shortening used in all the cases. The muscle activation model is based on eqs. (86) and (87).
| Muscle activation type | a0 | c (mm/s) | ΔL (mm) | W (mm) | t0 (s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| CM contraction | 0.4 | 100 | 60 | 15 | 0 |
| LM shortening | 0.4 | 100 | 60 | 15 | 0 |
