Table 3.
Different environmental toxins involved in neurodegeneration and Parkinsonism
| Toxins | Use | Mode of action | Effects on nervous system | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MPTP | Herbicide | Inhibit electron transport | Parkinsonism | [140, 153, 271] |
| Rotenone | Pesticide, insecticide | Interfere with Mitochondrial electron transport system | Parkinson’s like symptoms | [143, 272] |
| Paraquat | Herbicide | Interfere electron transport, photo synthesis | Oxidative stress | [15, 273, 274] |
| Maneb | Fungicide | Interferes glucocorticoid metabolism | Parkinson’s like symptoms | [274–276] |
| Zineb | Pesticide | Metabolized to carbon disulfide-a neurotoxin | Convulsions, tiredness, dizziness weakness, headache, fatigue, slurred speech, unconsciousness | [277–279] |
| Ziram | Pesticide | Unknown | Prolonged inhalation causes neural and visual disturbances | [141, 279, 280] |
| Thiram | Pesticide | Unknown | Convulsions, headaches, dizziness, fatigue drowsiness, confusion | [279–281] |
| Nabam | Fungicide | Unknown | Convulsion, dizziness, confusion | [279, 282] |