Table 1.
Components of implementation studies, separated by specialty group and primary outcome (statistically significant or non-significant) (N=46)
| Component of implementation | No ofstudies | Specialty group | Obstetrics and gynaecology | Neonatology and paediatrics | Intensive care | Internal medicine specialties | Anaesthetics and surgery | Hospital wide |
| No of studies | 9 | 4 | 4 | 20 | 3 | 6 | ||
| Education | 42 | Significant outcome(s) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 2 |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 6 | − | 2 | 7 | 2 | 3 | ||
| Audit and feedback | 26 | Significant outcome(s) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 | − | 2 |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 2 | − | 2 | 7 | 1 | − | ||
| Provision of resources | 23 | Significant outcome(s) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 3 | − | 1 | 6 | − | 3 | ||
| Leadership | 21 | Significant outcome(s) | 2 | 1 | − | 6 | 1 | − |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 1 | − | 1 | 6 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Barrier identification | 17 | Significant outcome(s) | 2 | 1 | − | 4 | 1 | − |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 4 | − | − | 3 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Communication | 14 | Significant outcome(s) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | − | 1 |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 1 | − | 1 | 3 | 1 | − | ||
| Context | 9 | Significant outcome(s) | 1 | − | − | 3 | 1 | − |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 2 | − | 1 | 1 | − | − | ||
| Patient involvement | 7 | Significant outcome(s) | − | 1 | − | 2 | − | − |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | 2 | − | − | 1 | − | 1 | ||
| Supportive supervision | 6 | Significant outcome(s) | − | 1 | − | 2 | − | 1 |
| Non-significant outcome(s) | − | − | 1 | 1 | − | − | ||
| Studies with significant outcome(s) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Studies with non-significant outcome(s) | 6 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 4 |