Table 2.
Observed values from DHS and expected and excess female mortality rates according to prescriptive (Hill and Upchurch) and descriptive (Alkema et al) approaches
| Observed (DHS) | Prescriptive approach | Descriptive approach | ||||||
| Country | Year | Total U5MR | Male U5MR | Female U5MR (95% CI) | Expected female U5MR | Excess female U5MR | Expected female U5MR | Excess female U5MR |
| Albania | 2008 | 21.9 | 27.3 | 16.1 (9.7 to 22.4) | 21.3 | −24.6% | 19.6 | −18.0% |
| Armenia | 2010 | 21.5 | 21.3 | 21.7 (11.7 to 31.8) | 16.5 | 31.9% | 19.6 | 11.0% |
| Azerbaijan | 2006 | 57.3 | 64.3 | 49.0 (36.8 to 61.2) | 51.6 | −5.0% | 52.1 | −6.0% |
| Bangladesh | 2014 | 53.7 | 51.8 | 55.7 (48.2 to 63.3)* | 41.1 | 35.6% | 49.2 | 13.2% |
| Benin | 2011 | 75.0 | 78.8 | 70.8 (64.8 to 76.8)* | 63.8 | 11.0% | 69.5 | 2.0% |
| Bolivia | 2008 | 75.2 | 79.1 | 71.1 (63.5 to 78.7) | 64.1 | 11.0% | 69.5 | 2.4% |
| Burkina Faso | 2010 | 146.9 | 152.6 | 141.0 (132.5 to 149.5)* | 129.5 | 8.9% | 139.3 | 1.2% |
| Burundi | 2010 | 125.1 | 134.1 | 116.0 (105.5 to 126.4) | 112.6 | 3.0% | 117.9 | −1.7% |
| Cambodia | 2014 | 47.4 | 53.3 | 41.2 (34.3 to 48.0) | 42.4 | −2.9% | 42.6 | −3.5% |
| Cameroon | 2011 | 128.1 | 134.8 | 121.3 (111.6 to 131) | 113.3 | 7.1% | 120.8 | 0.3% |
| Chad | 2014 | 147.2 | 154.7 | 139.3 (128.3 to 150.4) | 131.4 | 6.0% | 139.3 | 0.0% |
| Colombia | 2010 | 21.6 | 23.8 | 19.3 (16.7 to 21.8) | 18.5 | 4.2% | 19.6 | −1.5% |
| Comoros | 2012 | 49.7 | 47.8 | 51.8 (40.7 to 62.9)* | 37.8 | 36.8% | 45.5 | 13.9% |
| Congo Brazzaville | 2011 | 80.7 | 84.4 | 76.9 (67.3 to 86.4) | 68.6 | 12.0% | 75.3 | 2.1% |
| Congo Democratic Republic | 2013 | 111.0 | 113.9 | 108.1 (100.4 to 115.9)* | 94.5 | 14.4% | 104.4 | 3.6% |
| Cote d'Ivoire | 2011 | 115.5 | 132.8 | 97.4 (87.2 to 107.7)*† | 111.4 | −12.6% | 109.2 | −10.8% |
| Dominican Republic | 2013 | 33.8 | 34.2 | 33.3 (25.0 to 41.7) | 26.8 | 24.6% | 30.4 | 9.5% |
| Egypt | 2014 | 30.3 | 30.4 | 30.1 (26.3 to 34.0)* | 23.7 | 27.0% | 26.8 | 12.5% |
| Ethiopia | 2011 | 109.5 | 120.8 | 97.4 (87.4 to 107.5) | 100.7 | −3.2% | 102.4 | −4.9% |
| Gabon | 2012 | 63.2 | 70.9 | 55.9 (45.9 to 65.9) | 57.1 | −2.0% | 57.8 | −3.3% |
| Gambia | 2013 | 60.8 | 63.3 | 58.2 (49.7 to 66.8) | 50.7 | 14.8% | 55.9 | 4.2% |
| Ghana | 2014 | 69.9 | 77.4 | 62.1 (54.8 to 69.4) | 62.6 | −0.8% | 64.6 | −3.8% |
| Guinea | 2012 | 132.3 | 141.4 | 122.9 (109 to 136.8) | 119.2 | 3.1% | 124.8 | −1.5% |
| Guyana | 2009 | 39.8 | 40.6 | 39.0 (28.9 to 49.0) | 32.0 | 21.8% | 36.0 | 8.2% |
| Haiti | 2012 | 92.4 | 104.0 | 80.3 (72.1 to 88.5) | 85.7 | −6.3% | 85.9 | −6.5% |
| Honduras | 2011 | 29.4 | 29.3 | 29.4 (25.5 to 33.4)* | 22.9 | 28.8% | 25.9 | 13.7% |
| India | 2005 | 84.9 | 81.8 | 88.2 (84.2 to 92.1)*† | 66.4 | 32.7% | 79.1 | 11.4% |
| Indonesia | 2012 | 42.4 | 47.9 | 36.7 (32.9 to 40.6) | 37.9 | −3.1% | 37.9 | −3.1% |
| Jordan | 2012 | 20.2 | 21.4 | 19.0 (13.8 to 24.1) | 16.6 | 14.2% | 17.8 | 6.6% |
| Kenya | 2014 | 55.5 | 58.7 | 52.2 (47.5 to 56.9)* | 46.8 | 11.5% | 50.2 | 4.0% |
| Kyrgyzstan | 2012 | 32.5 | 31.5 | 33.5 (25.9 to 41.0)* | 24.6 | 36.2% | 28.6 | 17.0% |
| Lesotho | 2014 | 91.7 | 101.5 | 81.9 (69.1 to 94.7) | 83.5 | −2.0% | 85.9 | −4.7% |
| Liberia | 2013 | 111.2 | 112.3 | 110.0 (96.7 to 123.4)* | 93.1 | 18.2% | 104.4 | 5.4% |
| Madagascar | 2008 | 81.5 | 84.8 | 78.0 (70.5 to 85.5)* | 69.0 | 13.0% | 75.3 | 3.6% |
| Malawi | 2010 | 126.1 | 136.5 | 115.8 (109.4 to 122.2) | 114.7 | 0.9% | 118.9 | −2.6% |
| Maldives | 2009 | 26.9 | 28.7 | 25.0 (16.9 to 33.1) | 22.3 | 11.9% | 24.1 | 3.8% |
| Mali | 2012 | 104.0 | 116.5 | 90.7 (81.9 to 99.5) | 96.8 | −6.3% | 97.5 | −7.0% |
| Moldova | 2005 | 26.3 | 32.5 | 19.7 (12.2 to 27.2) | 25.4 | −22.6% | 23.2 | −15.1% |
| Mozambique | 2011 | 108.0 | 113.2 | 102.8 (94.9 to 110.8)* | 93.9 | 9.5% | 101.4 | 1.4% |
| Namibia | 2013 | 58.9 | 63.6 | 54.4 (47.1 to 61.7) | 50.9 | 6.9% | 54.0 | 0.8% |
| Nepal | 2011 | 62.2 | 62.2 | 62.2 (53.9 to 70.6)* | 49.7 | 25.1% | 56.9 | 9.4% |
| Niger | 2012 | 151.7 | 158.7 | 144.6 (135 to 154.1) | 135.1 | 7.0% | 144.2 | 0.3% |
| Nigeria | 2013 | 142.9 | 149.6 | 136.0 (127.6 to 144.3)* | 126.8 | 7.3% | 135.5 | 0.4% |
| Pakistan | 2012 | 96.4 | 96.9 | 95.9 (86.9 to 104.8)* | 79.5 | 20.6% | 89.8 | 6.8% |
| Peru | 2012 | 25.1 | 26.9 | 23.3 (19.4 to 27.1) | 20.9 | 11.4% | 22.3 | 4.6% |
| Philippines | 2013 | 32.1 | 33.7 | 30.4 (25.5 to 35.3) | 26.3 | 15.4% | 28.6 | 6.3% |
| Rwanda | 2014 | 65.3 | 68.0 | 62.5 (56.1 to 69)* | 54.6 | 14.4% | 59.8 | 4.6% |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 2008 | 70.5 | 85.8 | 54.5 (40.7 to 68.4)* | 69.9 | −21.9% | 65.6 | −16.8% |
| Senegal | 2014 | 61.9 | 62.6 | 61.3 (49.4 to 73.1) | 50.1 | 22.3% | 56.9 | 7.8% |
| Sierra Leone | 2013 | 174.7 | 185.4 | 163.7 (153.7 to 173.7) | 159.9 | 2.4% | 166.6 | −1.7% |
| Swaziland | 2006 | 106.4 | 108.7 | 103.9 (91.0 to 116.7)* | 89.9 | 15.6% | 99.5 | 4.4% |
| Tajikistan | 2012 | 47.9 | 50.6 | 45.1 (37.2 to 53.0) | 40.1 | 12.5% | 43.6 | 3.6% |
| Tanzania | 2010 | 92.1 | 96.5 | 87.6 (78.5 to 96.7) | 79.2 | 10.6% | 85.9 | 2.0% |
| Timor-Leste | 2009 | 79.7 | 83.4 | 75.8 (69.2 to 82.5)* | 67.8 | 11.9% | 74.3 | 2.1% |
| Togo | 2013 | 93.2 | 99.1 | 87.1 (78.5 to 95.7) | 81.4 | 6.9% | 86.9 | 0.2% |
| Uganda | 2011 | 105.5 | 113.5 | 97.4 (87.5 to 107.2) | 94.1 | 3.4% | 98.5 | −1.2% |
| Ukraine | 2007 | 18.7 | 23.4 | 13.4 (6.8 to 20.0) | 18.2 | −26.2% | 16.9 | −20.6% |
| Yemen | 2013 | 57.1 | 58.5 | 55.7 (50.4 to 60.9)* | 46.7 | 19.2% | 52.1 | 6.8% |
| Zambia | 2013 | 79.8 | 86.5 | 72.9 (66.8 to 79.1) | 70.5 | 3.5% | 74.3 | −1.8% |
| Zimbabwe | 2010 | 78.0 | 87.6 | 68.4 (60.1 to 76.7) | 71.4 | −4.2% | 72.3 | −5.5% |
*CI does not include the expected value according to prescriptive approach. Excess female U5MR=[(observed/expected)−1]×100.
†CI does not include the expected value according to descriptive approach
DHS, Demographic and Health Surveys; U5MR, under-5 mortality rate.