. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 1.

Published in final edited form as: Nutrition. 2016 Sep 20;34:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.09.003

Table 2.

Glucose homeostasis during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in adolescents with type 1 diabetes receiving either glutamine or placebo

Parameter	Glutamine	Placebo	P value^*
Low-dose (8 mU • m⁻² • min⁻¹), hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp
Plasma glutamine at plateau, μmol/L^†	608 ± 26	560 ± 25	0.15
Plasma glucose at plateau, mg/dL	136 ± 11	145 ± 12	0.6
Free insulin at baseline, μU/mL	140 ± 34	98 ± 19	0.14
Free insulin at plateau, μU/mL	72 ± 21	83 ± 20	0.2
Glucose infusion rate, mg • kg⁻¹ • min⁻¹	1.4 ± 0.8	0.7 ± 0.3	0.4
Baseline glucose Ra, mg • kg⁻¹• min⁻¹	6.9 ± 1.0	6.0 ± 1.0	0.2
Glucose Ra at plateau, mg • kg⁻¹ • min⁻¹	6.0 ± 0.9	4.8 ± 0.9	0.3
Endogenous glucose production at plateau, mg • kg⁻¹ • min⁻¹	4.2 ± 0.8	4.3 ± 0.6	0.96
Reduction in endogenous glucose production, mg • kg⁻¹ • min⁻¹	−2.7 ± 0.5	−1.8 ± 0.4	0.14
High-dose (80 mU • m⁻² • min⁻¹), hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp
Plasma glutamine at plateau, μmol/L	516 ± 29	488 ± 29	0.14
Plasma glucose at plateau, mg/dL	95 ± 4	92 ± 6	0.7
Free insulin at plateau, μU/mL	231 ± 36	235 ± 33	0.8
Glucose infusion rate, mg • kg⁻¹ • min⁻¹	7.8 ± 0.8	7.0 ± 0.8	0.4
Insulin sensitivity, mL • kg⁻¹ • min⁻¹ per μU/mL	0.097 ± 0.02	0.071 ± 0.02	0.19

Estimated marginal mixed-effects model for a crossover design.

^†

Last dose of oral glutamine given at 0530 h.