Table 3.

Endsley and Kaber (1999) Levels of Automation

Level of Automation	Description
1. Manual Control:	The human monitors, generates options, selects options (makes decisions) and physically carries out options.
2. Action Support:	The automation assists human with execution of selected action. The human does perform some control actions.
3. Batch Processing:	The human generates and selects options then they are turned over to automation to be carried out (e.g., cruise control in automobiles).
4. Shared Control:	Both the human and the automation generate possible decision options. The human has control of selecting which options to implement; however, carrying out the options is a shared task.
5. Decision Support:	The automation generates decision options that the human can select. Once an option is selected the automation implements it.
6. Blended Decision Making:	The automation generates an option, selects it and executes it if they human consents. The human may approve of the option selected by the automation, select another or generate another option.
7. Rigid System:	The automation provides a set of options and the human has to select one of them. Once selected the automation carries out the function.
8. Automated Decision Making:	The automation selects and carries out an option. The human can have input in the alternatives generated by the automation.
9. Supervisory Control:	The automation generates options, selects and carries out a desired option. The human monitors the system and intervenes if needed (in which case the level of automation becomes Decision Support).
10. Full Automation:	The system carries out all actions.