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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 25.
Published in final edited form as: Lab Chip. 2017 Oct 25;17(21):3558–3577. doi: 10.1039/c7lc00592j

Table 3.

Integrated microfluidic platforms for exosome analysis.

On-chip integrated analysis Sample (pre- treatment) * Overall throughput [μL/min] ** Limit of detection Measurement in isolated exosomes Targeted disease Reference
Overall exosome levels
Sequential ExoChip stages:

  • Immunoaffinity isolation

  • Staining using fluorescent dye

 Serum 3.1 0.5 pM fluorescence sensitivity Stained CD63(+)exosomes Pancreatic cancer Kanwar 2014 [72]
Sequential nano-IMEX stages:

  • Immunoaffinity isolation

  • Fluorescence immunoassay

 Plasma (10X dilution) 0.029 ~50 exosomes/μL Overall levels of EpCAM, CD81, CD9 in CD81(+)exosomes Ovarian cancer Zhang 2016 [74]
Sequential Exodisc stages:

  • Double filtration isolation

  • Colorimetric ELISA

 Urine 16.7 NA Overall levels of CD9 and CD81 Bladder cancer Woo 2017 [85]
Sequential stages:

  • Double filtration isolation

  • Colorimetric microchip ELISA

 Urine (centrifugation, 0.22 μm filter) 17.2 NA Overall levels of CD63 Bladder cancer Liang 2017 [84]
Exosome subpopulations
Reusable and continuous nPLEX:

  • Simultaneous immunoaffinity isolation and SPR-based multiplexed detection

 Ascites fluid (0.2 μm filter) 8.3 ~3000 exosomes (670 aM) EpCAM, CD24 levels relative to CD63(+) exosomes Ovarian cancer Im 2014 [44]
Multiplexed sequential stages:

  • Immunoaffinity isolation

  • Colorimetric immunoassay

 Serum 2.9 2760 exosomes/μL HER2(+), CD9(+)exosomes Breast cancer Vaidyanathan 2014 [73]
Inline RInSE cytometer stages:

  • Isolation of capture beads

  • Flow cytometry detection

 Blood (RBC lysis, centrifugation, incubation with capture beads and label) 70 NA CD81 in EpCAM(+)exosomes Breast cancer Dudani 2015 [77]
Continuous ExoSearch stages:

  • Immunomagnetic isolation

  • Multiplexed immunoassay

 Plasma 0.5 750 exosomes/μL CA-125, EpCAM, CD24 in CD9(+)exosomes Ovarian cancer Zhao 2016 [80]
Sequential stages:

  • Immunoaffinity isolation

  • SPR-based specific detection

 Serum 2.7 ~2070 exosomes/μL HER2 in CD9(+)or CD63(+)exosomes Breast cancer Sina 2016 [75]
Sequential μMED stages:

  • Negative/positive enrichment

  • Isolation of positive beads

  • Fluorescence immunoassay

 Mouse serum ~1.7 10000 exosomes/μL GluR2 in CD81(+)exosomes Concussion Ko 2016 [81]
Continuous stages:

  • Immunomagnetic isolation

  • Immunofluorescence labeling

 Plasma (incubation with capture particles) <2 NA EpCAM, HER2 in CD63(+) exosomes Breast cancer Fang 2017 [78]
Intravesicular proteins
Sequential stages:

  • Immunomagnetic isolation

  • Exosome lysis, protein capture

  • Intravesicular protein analysis

 Plasma (pre-mixed with capture beads) 0.35 0.281 pg/mL (IGF-1R), 0.383 pg/mL (p-IGF-1R) IGF-1R, p-IGF-1R levels in EpCAM(+) exosomes NSCLC He 2014 [57]
Exosomal mRNAs
Sequential iMER stages:

  • Immunomagnetic isolation

  • Exosome lysis and RNA capture

  • Multiplexed RT-qPCR

 Serum (0.8 μm filter) 0.83 NA mRNA levels of EPHA2, EGFR, PDPN, MGTM, APNG in EGFR(+)and EGFRvIII(+)exosomes GBM Shao 2015 [79]

NA: not available. NSCLC: non-small-cell lung cancer. GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme. RBC: red blood cell.

*

Sample is of human origin unless otherwise stated.

**

Estimated throughput accounting for dilutions and time for processing steps (e.g., isolation, detection, incubation, rinsing, etc.) whenever information is available.