Table 1.

Bivariate associations within individual, family, community, and cultural level variables and non-smokers’ past-year assertive behaviour against SHS exposure in the California Chinese American Tobacco Use Survey and California Korean American Tobacco Use Survey (N=3923)

Variables	% reported past-year assertive behaviour	P
Individual level
Age group
18–24 (n=592)	48.0
25–44 (n=1486)	41.5
45–64 (n=988)	42.2
65+ (n=549)	37.3	0.128
Gender
Female (n=1789)	42.9
Male (n=2,134)	37.7	0.023
Education level
<High school (n=360)	38.8
High school, some college (n=1049)	48.2
College and above (n=2473)	38.8	0.005
Income
<$35K (n=2017)	40.8
$35K–$74.9k (n=885)	46.1
>=75K (n=1021)	35.8	0.013
Smoking status
Never (n=3111)	40.5
Former (n=812)	41.8	0.634
Tobacco exposure knowledge
Strong (n=2881)	43.0
Fair (n=1042)	34.7	0.002
Marital status
Married (n=2430)	39.4
Widowed, divorced, separated (n=327)	33.5
Single (n=1098)	47.6	0.001
Family level
Living with smokers
Yes (n=517)	63.5
No (n=3405)	36.2	<0.001
Living with children under age 18
Yes (n=1727)	41.0
No (n=2187)	40.4	0.827
SHS exposure at home
Yes, with home smokefree rule (n=155)	62.3
Yes, without home smokefree rule (n=299)	44.0
No (n=3,450)	38.8	<0.001
Community level
SHS exposure at work
Yes, with work smokefree policy (n=233)	48.3
Yes, without work smokefree policy (n=61)	67.6
No (n=1,815)	39.5	0.004
SHS exposure in other locations
Yes (n=1040)	52.3
No (n=2855)	37.7	<0.001
Cultural level
Ethnicity
Chinese (n=1902)	34.5
Korean (n=2021)	60.4	<0.001
Acculturation
Assimilated (n=1032)	35.2
Bilingual (n=1045)	39.2
Traditional (n=1846)	42.8	0.041
Years in US
Born in US (n=1177)	36.0
>= 10 years (n=1843)	40.5
<10 years (n=903)	43.0	0.118

SHS, second-hand smoke.