Table 1.
Baseline and perioperative characteristics
| Variable | VA group | TIVA group | P value | STD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 191 | 731 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (yr) | 63.1 ± 7.2 | 62.5 ± 7.9 | 0.344 | 0.079 |
| Male gender (n, %) | 183 (95.8) | 683 (93.4) | 0.221 | 0.106 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 23.1 ± 2.8 | 0.558 | 0.047 |
| ASA class (n, %) | 0.962 | 0.022 | ||
| I | 15 (7.9) | 60 (8.2) | ||
| II | 171 (89.5) | 654 (89.5) | ||
| III | 5 (2.6) | 17 (2.3) | ||
| Medical history (n, %) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 33 (17.3) | 120 (16.4) | 0.776 | 0.023 |
| Hypertension | 74 (38.7) | 273 (37.4) | 0.723 | 0.029 |
| Dyslipidemia | 21 (11.0) | 52 (7.1) | 0.077 | 0.136 |
| Coronary artery disease | 6 (3.1) | 11 (1.5) | 0.137 | 0.109 |
| Cerebral vascular disease | 7 (3.7) | 29 (4.0) | 0.848 | 0.016 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 3 (1.6) | 21 (2.9) | 0.445 | 0.088 |
| COPD | 9 (4.7) | 13 (1.8) | 0.029 | 0.166 |
| eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 10 (5.2) | 28 (3.8) | 0.384 | 0.068 |
| Liver disease | 14 (7.3) | 83 (11.4) | 0.107 | 0.139 |
| Smoker, current | 49 (25.7) | 182 (24.9) | 0.830 | 0.017 |
| Alcohol status | 169 (88.5) | 641 (87.7) | 0.765 | 0.025 |
| Chemo-radiation therapy | 79 (41.4) | 299 (40.9) | 0.909 | 0.009 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hematocrit (%) | 37.4 ± 5.2 | 38.0 ± 4.8 | 0.099 | 0.131 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 [0.8–1.0] | 0.8 [0.7–0.9] | 0.262 | 0.090 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.5 [0.4–0.7] | 0.6 [0.4–0.8] | 0.008 | 0.210 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 0.022 | 0.184 |
| LVEF (%) | 61.9 ± 4.3 | 61.8 ± 4.6 | 0.803 | 0.023 |
| FVC (% predicted) | 94 [86–103] | 92 [84–100] | 0.041 | 0.125 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 93 [82–103] | 92 [83–101] | 0.964 | 0.020 |
| FEV1 / FVC | 71.5 ± 10.6 | 73.1 ± 9.0 | 0.052 | 0.170 |
| Medication (n, %) | ||||
| ACEI or ARB | 33 (17.3) | 140 (19.2) | 0.555 | 0.049 |
| Beta blocker | 18 (9.4) | 49 (6.7) | 0.197 | 0.100 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 36 (18.9) | 145 (19.8) | 0.760 | 0.025 |
| Insulin | 32 (16.8) | 112 (15.3) | 0.627 | 0.039 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 26 (13.6) | 77 (10.5) | 0.229 | 0.095 |
| Statin | 15 (7.9) | 70 (9.6) | 0.464 | 0.061 |
| Aspirin | 18 (9.4) | 41 (5.6) | 0.055 | 0.145 |
| Plavix | 6 (3.1) | 11 (1.5) | 0.137 | 0.109 |
| Diuretics | 12 (6.3) | 84 (11.5) | 0.036 | 0.184 |
| Intraoperative data | ||||
| Anesthesia time (min) | 426.9 ± 91.9 | 418.4 ± 104.9 | 0.271 | 0.086 |
| One lung ventilation time (min) | 125.6 ± 51.9 | 120.7 ± 58.3 | 0.116 | 0.090 |
| Crystalloid (L) | 1.6 [1.2–2.2] | 1.7 [1.1–2.4] | 0.246 | 0.108 |
| Colloid (L) | 0.9 [0–1.0] | 0.9 [0.5–1.0] | 0.106 | 0.152 |
| Packed red blood cell (unit) | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–0] | 0.822 | 0.014 |
| Use of packed red blood cell | 23 (12.0) | 84 (11.5) | 0.932 | 0.017 |
| Fresh frozen plasma (unit) | 0 [0–0] | 0 [0–0] | 0.462 | 0.061 |
| Minimally invasive surgery | 38 (19.9) | 128 (17.5) | 0.445 | 0.061 |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 185 (96.9) | 716 (97.9) | 0.412 | 0.069 |
| McKeown operation | 71 (37.2) | 265 (36.3) | 0.880 | 0.019 |
| Pathologic stage of cancer | 0.361 | 0.163 | ||
| 0 | 44 (23.0) | 167 (22.8) | ||
| I | 72 (37.7) | 298 (40.8) | ||
| II | 39 (20.4) | 170 (23.3) | ||
| III | 33 (17.3) | 88 (12.0) | ||
| IV | 3 (1.6) | 8 (1.1) | ||
| Postoperative data | ||||
| Epidural analgesia | 146 (76.4) | 659 (90.2) | <0.001 | 0.374 |
| Weight gain (%) | 0.4 [−1.1–1.7] | 0.9 [−0.4–2.4] | 0.001 | 0.194 |
| Chemo-radiation therapy | 30 (15.7) | 108 (14.8) | 0.748 | 0.026 |
Data are expressed as number of patients (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median [first-third quartiles].
VA = volatile inhalational anesthesia; TIVA = total intravenous anesthesia; STD = standardized difference; ASA = American Society of Anesthesiology; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF = left ventricle ejection fraction; FVC = forced vital capacity; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker.