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. 2017 Oct 25;7:13994. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14312-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Indicative instances of the vortex ring formation, vortical structures indicated using a q-criterion value of 5^.10⁹ s⁻². The isosurface is coloured according to local vorticity magnitude, providing an indication of the swirling angular velocity. Note that due to the square opening between plunger and socket, the vortex ring has initially a square shape as well.