Table 5.
Mixed‐effects model of variables associated with infant weight‐for‐age z‐scores (WFAZ; repeated measurements) at two months, six months, and 12 months
| Variable | Unadjusted regression coefficient [95% CI] | p‐value | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted regression coefficient [95% CI]a | p‐value | Adjusted regression coefficient [95% CI]b | p‐value | |||
| Clinic (n = 704) | ||||||
| TC Newman (Mixed Race) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Mbekweni (Black African) | 0.5 [0.3 to 0.6] | <0.001 | 0.6 [0.4 to 0.8] | <0.001 | 0.3 [0.1 to 0.4] | <0.001 |
| SES quartile (n = 704) | ||||||
| Highest SES | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Moderate‐high SES | −0.2 [−0.4 to 0.02] | 0.072 | −0.3 [−0.5 to −0.1] | 0.009 | −0.1 [−0.3 to 0.1] | 0.531 |
| Low‐moderate SES | −0.3 [−0.5 to −0.02] | 0.031 | −0.4 [−0.6 to −0.2] | 0.001 | −0.1 [−0.3 to 0.06] | 0.171 |
| Lowest SES | −0.6 [−0.8 to −0.3] | <0.001 | −0.8 [−1.0 to −0.5] | <0.001 | −0.5 [−0.7 to −0.3] | <0.001 |
| WfA z‐score at birth (n = 704) | 0.5 [0.5 to 0.6] | <0.001 | 0.5 [0.4 to 0.6] | <0.001 | 0.5 [0.4 to 0.6] | <0.001 |
| Recent intimate partner violence (antenatal; n = 704) | ||||||
| Below threshold | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Above threshold | −0.2 [−0.4 to −0.03] | 0.021 | −0.1 [−0.3− 0.1] | 0.309 | ||
| Recent intimate partner violence (early postpartum; n = 360) | ||||||
| Below threshold | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Above threshold | −0.4 [−0.7 to −0.1] | 0.010 | −0.3 [−0.5− 0.001] | 0.051 | ||
| Antenatal urine cotinine (n = 704) | ||||||
| Non‐smoker | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Active smoker | −0.6 [−0.8 to −0.4] | <0.001 | −0.4 [−0.6 to −0.2] | <0.001 | −0.2 [−0.4 to −0.04] | 0.016 |
| Early postpartum tobacco use (n = 360) | ||||||
| No self‐reported tobacco use | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Any self‐reported tobacco use | −0.5 [−0.8 to −0.3] | <0.001 | −0.2 [−0.5 to −0.2] | 0.338 | ||
| Antenatal alcohol use (n = 704) | ||||||
| No self‐reported alcohol use | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Any self‐reported alcohol use | −0.5 [−0.7 to −0.3] | <0.001 | −0.4 [−0.6 to −0.1] | 0.001 | −0.2 [−0.4 to −0.02] | 0.029 |
| Early postpartum alcohol use (n = 360) | ||||||
| No self‐reported alcohol use | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Any self‐reported alcohol use | −0.2 [−0.6 to 0.1] | 0.161 | 0.02 [−0.3 to 0.4] | 0.913 | ||
a
Adjusted for recruitment site and SES quartile.
b
Adjusted for all other covariates in model and for infant age at time of measurement.