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. 2017 May 5;98(4):821–834. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000728

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© 2017 The Authors

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Fig. 4. — Drug-resistant viruses spread efficiently by a cell-to-cell mechanism and maintain their resistant phenotype with this mode of spread. Cell-to-cell spread of (a) HIV-1wt, (b) HIV-1dm, (c) HIV-1k103n and (d) HIV-1m184v was measured and compared to their cell-free spread using a qPCR-based cell-to-cell assay system. All viruses spread efficiently by a cell-to-cell mechanism, with this mode of spread being 5–7 times more efficient for all viruses tested in comparison to cell-free spread. (e) Drug-resistant viruses spread from cell to cell with comparable efficiency to wild-type virus. Drug-resistant viruses (f) HIV-1dm, (g) HIV-1k103n and (h) HIV-1m184v all maintain their resistant phenotype when spreading by a cell-to-cell mechanism. A representative of two independent repeats is shown. Error bars show the standard deviation of the mean. Statistical comparisons were done using a paired Student t-test. ****P<0.0001, ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, ns not significant.