Table 3.
Characteristics of included studies (drugs of abuse)
| DRUGS OF ABUSE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author (reference, year, country) | Objective | Sample size | Questionnaire | Matrix Biomarker- Method (cut-off) | Comments |
| Garcia Algar et al. (30) (2009) (Spain) | To determine the prevalence of illegal drug use by pregnant women and subsequent foetal exposure | N(BQ) = 1209 | Structured questionnaire for gestational alcohol and drugs consumption | Meconium COC - LC-MS and GC-MS (>3 ng/g) MOR- LC-MS and GC-MS (>4 ng/g) BE - LC-MS and GC-MS (>4 ng/g) THC - LC-MS and GC-MS (>20 ng/g) AMP - LC-MS and GC-MS (>5 ng/g) MDMA - LC-MS and GC-MS (>4 ng/g) |
|
| Hutson et al. (22) (2010) (Uruguay) | To determine the incidence of prenatal alcohol and drug exposure in public health care sector | N(B) = 905 N(Q) = 900 |
Structured questionnaire for gestational alcohol and drugs consumption | Meconium COC - ELISA (>80 ng/g) BE- ELISA (>80 ng/g) THC - ELISA (>50 ng/g) AMP - ELISA (>100 ng/g) MDMA |
|
| Bessa et al. (11) (2010) (Brazil) | To check the validity of the self-report of drug use by pregnant adolescents, by comparing their responses to a structured interview about their use of cocaine and marijuana during the pregnancy with an analysis of their hair | N(BQ) = 1000 | Structured questionnaire for gestational alcohol and drugs consumption | Hair COC - ELISA (>0.20 ng/mg) OP - ELISA (>0.20 ng/mg) AMP - ELISA (>0.50 ng/mg) EX -ELISA (>0.50 ng/mg) all positive samples -GC-MS |
|
| Friguls et al. (26) (2012) (Spain) García-Serra et al. (16) (2012) (Spain) |
1: To estimate prevalence of drug use by pregnant women in Ibiza (Friguls) 2: To compare two biological matrices (maternal hair and meconium) to assess prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse in the third trimester of pregnancy (Garcia-Serra) 3: To evaluate the clinical applicability of these biological matrices (Garcia-Serra) |
N(BQ) = 107 | Structured questionnaire for gestational alcohol and drugs consumption | Hair COC - ELISA (>0.20 ng/mg) OP - ELISA (>0.20 ng/mg) AMP - ELISA (>0.50 ng/mg) EX -ELISA (>0.50 ng/mg) all positive samples -GC-MS Meconium: COC - LC-MS and GC-MS (>3 ng/g) BE - LC-MS and GC-MS (>4 ng/g) THC - LC-MS and GC-MS (20 ng/g) AMP - LC-MS and GC-MS (>5 ng/g) MDMA - LC-MS and GC-MS (>4 ng/g) |
Drug exposure was defined as categorical (yes/no) |
| Joya et al. (32) (2012) (Spain) | To estimate prevalence of drug use by pregnant women in Tenerife Island | N(BQ) = 347 | Structured questionnaire for gestational alcohol and drugs consumption | Hair COC - ELISA (>0.20 ng/mg) OP - ELISA (>0.20 ng/mg) AMP - ELISA (>0.50 ng/mg) EX -ELISA (>0.50 ng/mg) all positive samples -GC-MS |
|
| Lendoiro et al. (18) (2013) (Spain) | The aim of this work was to compare maternal interview and hair analysis to determine drug consumption throughout pregnancy and to study relations among maternal interview, hair results, and neonatal outcomes | N(BQ) = 209 | Structured questionnaire for gestational alcohol and drugs consumption | Hair COC - LC-MS and GC-MS (>500 pg/ng) MOR- LC-MS and GC-MS (>200 pg/ng) BE - LC-MS and GC-MS (>50 pg/ng) THC - LC-MS and GC-MS (>50 pg/ng) MDMA - LC-MS and GC-MS (>200 pg/ng) |
|
COC cocaine, BE benzoylecognine, THC tetrahydrocannabinol, AMP amphetamine, MDMA metamphetamine, OP opiates, EX extasis, MOR morphine