Table 2.
Determinants of physician’s awareness of kidney diseasea at the EUROASPIRE IV index hospital stay (logistic regression)
| Univariable | Multivariableb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Patient’s age (index) [per year] | 1.06 (1.01; 1.11) | <0.01 | 0.98 (0.92;1.04) | 0.56 |
| Patient’s sex [male vs. female] | 1.10 (0.44; 2.72) | 0.84 | – | – |
| Length of hospital stay [log(d)] | 1.58 (1.15; 2.18) | <0.01 | 1.25 (0.83; 1.89) | 0.29 |
| Therapy (max.) [vs. no intervention)] | 0.10 | – | – | |
| PCI/stent vs. conservative | ||||
| CABG vs. conservative | 0.49 (0.21; 1.12) | |||
| 1.07 (0.39; 2.96) | ||||
| AMI during hospital stay | 1.49 (0.76; 2.94) | 0.24 | – | – |
| Index hospital stay as primary CHD event [yes vs. no] | 0.32 (0.14; 0.75) | <0.01 | 0.38 (0.14; 1.00) | 0.05 |
| History of CHFc | 1.12 (0.56; 2.21) | 0.76 | – | – |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Diabetesd (index) | 2.57 (1.30; 5.07) | <0.01 | 1.85 (0.77; 4.44) | 0.17 |
| Hypertensiond (index) | 2.12 (0.63; 7.09) | 0.22 | – | – |
| Hyperlipidemiad (index) | 2.21 (0.95; 5.17) | 0.07 | – | – |
| Smoking (index)d | 0.35 (0.10; 1.16) | 0.08 | – | – |
| Obesitye (index) | 2.23 (1.11; 4.48) | 0.02 | 1.34 (0.58; 3.11) | 0.49 |
| Kidney function | ||||
| eGFR at discharge [per ml/min/1.73m2] | 0.93 (0.91; 0.95) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.89; 0.94) | <0.001 |
| AKI-stages [vs.no AKI]f | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Stage 1 [vs. no AKI] | 1.51 (0.59; 3.85) | 0.38 (0.12; 1.22) | ||
| Stage 2/3 [vs. no AKI] | 54.7 (10.8; 277.7) | 92.7 (10.1; 847.9) | ||
Data are odds ratio (OR) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value
Abbreviations: CHD coronary heart disease, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronic kidney disease
aCKD and or AKI explicitly mentioned (diagnoses, summary) in the discharge letter of the index hospital stay; analyses based on n = 474 patients in whom data on the kidney module were available (see Methods)
bMultivariable model of backward selection, included are variables with significant (p < 0.05) association in univariable analysis; p for exclusion 0.05; non-significant associations displayed italic with OR (95% CI) and p-value when variable left the model. Order of exclusion: (1) age; (2) obesity; (3) length of hospital stay; (4) diabetes
cKnown at hospital admission or echocardiographic findings of cardiac dysfunction
dKnown at hospital admission or stated in discharge letter
eBody mass index ≥30 kg/m2 at hospital admission or stated in discharge letter
fSCr increase of ≥0.3 mg/dl within 48 h or SCr-increase of 1.5–1.99× baseline SCr within 7 days (stage 1), SCr-increase of 2.0–2.9× baseline SCr (stage 2) and SCr-increase ≥3.0× baseline or SCr >4 mg/dl or dialysis (stage 3)