Table 5.
Determinants of patient’s awareness of CKDa at the EUROASPIRE IV study visit (logistic regression)
| Univariable | Multivariableb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age, [/yr] | 1.05 (1.02; 1.08) | <0.01 | 0.97 (0.93; 1.01) | 0.18 |
| Male gender [vs. female] | 0.59 (0.33; 1.07) | 0.08 | – | |
| Education | ||||
| Total years [/log(yr)] | 0.65 (0.28; 1.50) | 0.32 | – | |
| Higher vs. lower levelsc | 0.57 (0.27; 1.20) | 0.14 | – | |
| Information on impaired kidney function in a discharge letter of a hospital stay due to CHDd | 15.8 (7.45; 33.7) | <0.001 | 5.51 (2.35; 12.9) | <0.001 |
| Primary care for CHD provided by cardiologist [vs. non-cardiologist] | 0.88 (0.52; 1.48) | 0.62 | – | – |
| History of CHD | ||||
| CHD duration [/log(yr)] | 1.30 (1.01; 1.66) | 0.04 | 0.89 (0.64; 1.23) | 0.47 |
| CABG ever | 1.52 (0.88; 2.63) | 0.13 | – | – |
| History of heart failure | 2.43 (1.36; 4.34) | <0.01 | 1.99 (1.00; 3.97) | 0.05 |
| History of peripheral artery disease | 2.19 (1.07; 4.48) | 0.03 | 0.83 (0.31; 2.19) | 0.71 |
| Diabetese | 1.23 (0.71; 2.13) | 0.45 | – | |
| Smokingf | 0.81 (0.37; 1.78) | 0.60 | – | |
| Dyslipidemiag | 1.37 (0.80; 2.34) | 0.25 | – | |
| Obesityh | 1.93 (1.16; 3.21) | 0.01 | 1.97 (1.07; 3.64) | 0.03 |
| eGFRCKD_EPI at study visit [/ml/min/1.73m2] | 0.93 (0.91; 0.95) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.92; 0.96) | <0.001 |
| ACR at study visit [/ log(mg/g)] | 1.09 (1.01; 1.17) | 0.02 | 0.99 (0.91; 1.08) | 0.88 |
Data are odds ratio (OR) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value
Abbreviations: CHD coronary heart disease, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, PAD peripheral artery disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate according to CKD-EPI formula, AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronic kidney disease
apositive response to “Have you ever been told by a doctor/health care provider that your kidney function is impaired, e.g. not as good as it would be expected?”; analyses based on n = 474 patients in whom data on the kidney module were available (see Methods)
bMultivariable model of backward selection, included are variables with significant (p < 0.05) association in univariable analysis; p for exclusion 0.05; non-significant associations displayed italic with OR (95% CI) and p-value when variable left the model. Order of exclusion: (1) ACR; (2) history of PAD; (3) duration of CHD; (4) age
cHigher (intermediate between secondary level and university [e.g. technical training], College/University completed, post graduate degree) vs. lower levels of education
dEUROASPIRE IV index hospital stay
eSelf-reported diabetes or impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance
fSelf-reported or CO >10 ppm
gLDL-cholesterol ≥2.5 mmol/L
hBody mass index ≥30 kg/m2