TABLE 2.
Summary of blood and cognitive outcomes at baseline and endline in Rwandan women randomly assigned to consume conventional or biofortified beans for 18 wk1
| Control group |
Biofortified group |
|||||
| Variables by outcome | Baseline | Endline | Difference | Baseline | Endline | Difference |
| Blood values | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 121 (1) | 120 (1) | 0 (1) | 119 (2) | 122 (2) | 4 (1) |
| Ferritin, μg/L | 9.3 (0.4) | 11.6 (0.6) | 2.4 (0.5) | 8.8 (0.4) | 14.1 (0.9) | 5.3 (0.8) |
| Transferrin receptor, mg/L | 8.4 (0.5) | 8.4 (0.4) | −0.1 (0.3) | 8.3 (0.5) | 8.4 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.3) |
| Body iron,2 mg/kg | −1.1 (0.3) | −0.4 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.2) | −1.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.2) |
| SRT task RT, ms | 280 (6) | 273 (4) | −8 (7) | 282 (7) | 273 (5) | −6 (7) |
| GNG task RT, ms | 373 (6) | 347 (6) | −28 (6) | 380 (8) | 341 (5) | −38 (7) |
| ANT RT, ms | ||||||
| 0 Cues | 617 (12) | 572 (7) | −47 (11) | 626 (13) | 571 (9) | −54 (11) |
| 2 Cues | 579 (11) | 447 (8) | −135 (11) | 601 (14) | 448 (10) | −154 (11) |
| Alerting | 38 (5) | 126 (5) | 88 (6) | 25 (7) | 123 (6) | 99 (9) |
| Center cue | 601 (11) | 545 (8) | −58 (10) | 608 (14) | 552 (9) | −58 (13) |
| Spatial cues | 555 (10) | 385 (7) | −173 (9) | 562 (13) | 369 (9) | −193 (11) |
| Orienting | 46 (5) | 161 (5) | 115 (7) | 46 (6) | 183 (6) | 135 (9) |
| Consistent flankers | 600 (10) | 545 (7) | −56 (9) | 617 (15) | 544 (9) | −74 (12) |
| Inconsistent flankers | 770 (10) | 646 (7) | −127 (10) | 777 (16) | 641 (9) | −139 (13) |
| Conflict | 170 (7) | 99 (6) | −71 (9) | 160 (6) | 97 (6) | −65 (7) |
| CRT | ||||||
| Sensitivity (d′), SD | 2.6 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 2.6 (0.1) | 3.3 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) |
| PCC, % change | 63 (4) | 106 (5) | 44 (6) | 59 (5) | 133 (7) | 74 (8) |
| RT, ms | ||||||
| New items | 829 (22) | 822 (16) | −11 (20) | 802 (21) | 731 (16) | −75 (21) |
| Old items | 787 (16) | 805 (12) | 14 (15) | 790 (22) | 712 (14) | −80 (22) |
| Bias (c), SD | −0.12 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.18 (0.05) | −0.13 (0.04) | −0.18 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.05) |
| SMS task RT | ||||||
| Intercept, ms | ||||||
| New | 857 (25) | 822 (14) | −40 (26) | 856 (29) | 730 (14) | −120 (30) |
| Old | 852 (27) | 818 (17) | −42 (26) | 837 (30) | 719 (18) | −105 (25) |
| Slope, ms/item | ||||||
| New | 50 (4) | 54 (2) | 4 (4) | 47 (4) | 34 (2) | −14 (4) |
| Old | 50 (4) | 52 (3) | 3 (5) | 47 (4) | 30 (3) | −20 (5) |
1
Values are raw means (SEs). ANT, attentional network task; CRT, cued recognition task; GNG, go/no-go; PCC, percentage change in capacity; RT, reaction time; SMS, Sternberg memory search; SRT, simple reaction time.
2
Calculated using Cook’s equation (26).