TABLE 3.
Associations between levels of annual change in tAHEI scores and log fasting glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR in Chinese adults: 2009 CHNS1
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Log plasma glucose, mmol/L | |||
| High decrease | −0.026 (−0.046, −0.006)* | −0.015 (−0.035, 0.006) | −0.014 (−0.036, 0.007) |
| Low decrease | −0.008 (−0.025, 0.009) | −0.006 (−0.023, 0.011) | −0.005 (−0.022, 0.012) |
| Maintain | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Low increase | −0.004 (−0.019, 0.010) | −0.003 (−0.017, 0.012) | −0.004 (−0.019, 0.011) |
| High increase | −0.019 (−0.040, 0.001) | −0.009 (−0.030, 0.012) | −0.012 (−0.034, 0.010) |
| P-trend | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.98 |
| Log HbA1c | |||
| High decrease | −0.015 (−0.027, −0.002)* | −0.005 (−0.017, 0.008) | −0.007 (−0.020, 0.007) |
| Low decrease | −0.002 (−0.012, 0.009) | −0.000 (−0.010, 0.010) | −0.002 (−0.012, 0.009) |
| Maintain | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Low increase | −0.004 (−0.013, 0.005) | −0.002 (−0.011, 0.007) | −0.001 (−0.011, 0.008) |
| High increase | −0.014 (−0.027, −0.001)* | −0.004 (−0.017, 0.009) | −0.004 (−0.017, 0.010) |
| P-trend | 0.72 | 0.89 | 0.843 |
| Log plasma insulin, μIU/mL | |||
| High decrease | −0.001 (−0.066, 0.063) | −0.024 (−0.090, 0.043) | −0.010 (−0.080, 0.059) |
| Low decrease | −0.016 (−0.069, 0.038) | −0.020 (−0.073, 0.033) | −0.008 (−0.063, 0.047) |
| Maintain | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Low increase | 0.013 (−0.034, 0.059) | 0.011 (−0.036, 0.057) | −0.001 (−0.048, 0.047) |
| High increase | −0.042 (−0.107, 0.024) | −0.066 (−0.134, 0.002) | −0.086 (−0.155, −0.017)* |
| P-trend | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.08 |
| Log HOMA-IR | |||
| High decrease | −0.028 (−0.102, 0.046) | −0.038 (−0.114, 0.038) | −0.025 (−0.105, 0.054) |
| Low decrease | −0.024 (−0.085, 0.037) | −0.026 (−0.087, 0.035) | −0.014 (−0.077, 0.049) |
| Maintain | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Low increase | 0.009 (−0.045, 0.062) | 0.008 (−0.045, 0.062) | −0.004 (−0.059, 0.051) |
| High increase | −0.062 (−0.137, 0.013) | −0.075 (−0.153, 0.003) | −0.098 (−0.177, −0.018)* |
| P-trend | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.14 |
Values are β coefficients (95% CIs); n = 4734. Changes in tAHEI score per year are categorized into 5 levels, with “maintain” as the reference group. The regression coefficients were multiplied by 100 and interpreted as the percentage of change in each marker for being in any category of annual change in score compared with the maintain category. Model 1 was the crude unadjusted model. Model 2 adjusted for age in 2006, sex, baseline income (tertiles), education, geographic region, and baseline urbanicity index (tertiles). Model 3 additionally adjusted for baseline physical activity (tertiles), smoking status, baseline energy intake, and levels of baseline score. Glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and HOMA-IR were logarithmically transformed. P-trend was calculated by assigning median values to each level of annual change in tAHEI scores, and this variable was entered as a continuous term in the models. *P < 0.05. CHNS, China Health and Nutrition Survey; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; Ref, reference; tAHEI, tailored Alternative Healthy Eating Index.