Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of adolescents with and without CFM

Characteristic1	Controls N=315		Cases N=121
	N	%	N	%
Age (years)
<12	64	20.4	19	16.0
12–14	152	48.4	59	49.6
>14	98	31.2	41	34.5
Gender
Female	162	51.4	44	36.4
Male	153	48.6	77	63.6
Race/ethnicity
White	251	79.7	87	71.9
Hispanic	33	10.5	28	23.1
Black	19	6.0	0	0.0
Asian/Pacific Islander	9	2.9	4	3.3
Native American	3	1.0	2	1.7
Language
English	304	96.5	106	87.6
Spanish	11	3.5	15	12.4
Grade
5–6	101	33.7	42	35.9
7–8	127	42.3	55	47.0
9–12	70	23.3	20	17.1
Family income
<$25,000	32	10.2	17	14.4
$25,000–34,999	23	7.3	20	16.9
$35,000–64,999	47	15.0	19	16.1
≥ $65,000	211	67.4	62	52.5
Primary caregiver’s highest level of education
<12 years	11	3.5	9	7.7
High school/GED	73	23.3	43	36.8
Associate’s degree	59	18.8	17	14.5
Bachelor’s degree	104	33.2	37	31.6
Graduate degree	66	21.1	11	9.4
Site
Boston	221	70.2	74	61.2
Seattle	94	29.8	47	38.8
Phenotype case group
Microtia only	0	0	24	19.8
Microtia and mandibular hypoplasia	0	0	46	38.0
Other CFM-associated anomalies	0	0	51	42.1
No discernible anomaly	315	100.0	0	0
Receipt of interventions
Speech therapy	47	15.8	68	59.6
Physical therapy	41	13.8	40	33.9
Occupational therapy	14	4.7	35	29.7
Special education services	46	15.5	38	32.2
Any intervention	96	32.5	84	72.4
Hearing impairment2
No	298	99.3	33	30.0
Yes	2	0.7	77	70.0

¹Percentages represent proportion with non-missing values. Missing data: age (1 controls, 2 cases), grade (17 controls, 4 cases), income (2 controls, 3 cases), education (2 controls, 4 cases), interventions (20 controls, 5 cases), hearing impairment status (15 controls, 11 cases)

²Defined as a hearing threshold >40 dB at frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000, or 4000 Hz