Table 3.
Clinical Outcomes after Matching
| Type of Match: | Inside the Same Hospital Risk-Factor Match | Across-Hospital, Within-State, Risk-Factor Match | Across-Hospital, Within-State, Procedure Match | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Matched Blacks N=14,917% |
Matched Whites N=14,917% |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | All Blacks N = 18,861% |
Matched Whites N = 18,861% |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | All Blacks N = 18,861% |
Matched Whites N = 18,861% |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
| Mortality | |||||||||
| Inpatient | 3.3 | 3.3 | 1.00 0.87, 1.14 |
3.9 | 3.7 | 1.08 0.96, 1.21 |
3.9 | 2.9 | 1.39d 1.23, 1.56 |
| 30-day | 3.6 | 3.8 | 0.92 0.81, 1.05 |
4.0 | 4.3 | 0.93 0.83, 1.04 |
4.0 | 3.5 | 1.17b 1.05, 1.31 |
| Complications | |||||||||
| Inpatient | 63.2 | 60.9 | 1.14d 1.08, 1.20 |
64.3 | 60.9 | 1.23d 1.17, 1.29 |
64.3 | 56.8 | 1.48d 1.41, 1.55 |
| 30-day | 69.6 | 68.4 | 1.08b 1.02, 1.14 |
70.7 | 68.6 | 1.14d 1.08, 1.20 |
70.7 | 64.9 | 1.37d 1.31, 1.44 |
| Failure-to-Rescue* | |||||||||
| Inpatient | 5.2 | 5.4 | 0.99 0.85, 1.16 |
6.1 | 6.0 | 1.03 0.91, 1.16 |
6.1 | 5.1 | 1.25c 1.10, 1.44 |
| 30-day | 5.1 | 5.6 | 0.93 0.81, 1.07 |
5.7 | 6.3 | 0.89 0.80, 1.00 |
5.7 | 5.4 | 1.07 0.94, 1.21 |
| Readmission | |||||||||
| 7-day | 5.9 | 6.3 | 0.94 0.85, 1.04 |
6.2 | 6.2 | 1.01 0.93, 1.10 |
6.2 | 5.7 | 1.10a 1.01, 1.20 |
| 30-day | 14.2 | 13.7 | 1.04 0.97, 1.11 |
15.0 | 13.5 | 1.14d 1.07, 1.21 |
15.0 | 12.5 | 1.24d 1.17, 1.31 |
| Continuous Outcomes | B-W Difference | B-W Difference | B-W Difference | ||||||
|
Length of Stay & CI (days, m-est.)+ (Upper/Lower Quartiles) |
6.9 6.8, 7.0 (3, 12) |
6.3 6.2, 6.4 (3, 11) |
0.5d 0.4, 0.6 (−3, 4) |
7.2 7.1, 7.3 (3, 13) |
6.3 6.2, 6.3 (3, 11) |
0.7d 0.7, 0.8 (−2, 5) |
7.2 7.1, 7.3 (3, 13) |
5.8 5.7, 5.8 (2, 10) |
1.2d 1.1, 1.3 (−2, 6) |
|
Anesthesia Time CI (min, m-est.)+ (Upper/Lower Quartiles) |
144.9 143.6, 146.1 (105, 195) |
142.2 141.1, 143.4 (103.5, 190.5) |
2.6d 1.5, 3.7 (−36, 43.5) |
146.6 145.6, 147.8(105, 199.5) |
135.0 134.1, 136.1 (97.5, 184.5) |
11.2d 10.1, 12.3 (−34.5, 58.5) |
146.6 145.6, 147.8(105, 199.5) |
135.0 134.0, 135.9 (97.5, 184.5) |
11.6d 10.4, 12.8 (−37.5, 60) |
P-value Legend:
a
P < 0.05;
b
P < 0.01;
c
P < 0.001;
d
P < 0.0001.
P-values were calculated using paired one-sample tests: McNemar’s test for categorical variables, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous variables.
*
Note, rates reflect the distribution of Failure-to-Rescue among all blacks or matched whites, while the odds ratio and statistical tests use only pairs where both patients had a qualifying Failure-to-Rescue event.
+
Estimates for continuous outcomes and paired differences in continuous outcomes were produced using m-estimation.