Table 3.

Direct and indirect contributions of hypothesized risk factors to gambling and substance use variables [b(SE)]

	Index of Gambling Frequency			Alcohol Use Disorder Risk			Alcohol Use Frequency			Marijuana Use Frequency			Number of Other Illicit Drugs Used			Tobacco Use Frequency
	Intermediary Variable	Outcome		Intermediary Variable	Outcome		Intermediary Variable	Outcome		Intermediary Variable	Outcome		Intermediary Variable	Outcome		Intermediary Variable	Outcome
	Direct	Direct	Indirect via Alcohol Frequency and/ or Other Drugs	Direct	Direct	Indirect via Gambling	Direct	Direct	Indirect via Gambling	Direct	Direct	Indirect via Gambling	Direct	Direct	Indirect via Gambling	Direct	Direct	Indirect via Gambling
Risk Factors
Independently associated with both gambling and substance use
Greek Involvement	0.35 (0.13)	0.28 (0.13)	0.094 (0.026)			0.028 (0.012)	12.39 (4.00)	9.92 (3.96)	2.13 (0.86)			1.42 (0.64)	0.21 (0.06)		0.04 (0.01)	−15.58 (6.00)	−18.52 (5.97)	ns
Athletics Involvement	0.50 (0.14)	0.47 (0.14)	0.062 (0.025)	0.23 (0.08)	0.23 (0.08)	0.040 (0.014)	14.17 (4.76)	12.54 (4.63)	3.06 (1.01)			2.04 (0.79)			0.05 (0.02)			1.89 (0.87)
Associated primarily with substance use but not gambling
Father’s Alcohol Problems										ns	ns					16.37 (7.46)	17.54 (7.45)
Mother’s Alcohol Problems										−17.72 (7.40)	−17.36 (7.42)					ns	11.77 (11.74)
Childhood Conduct Problems				0.016 (0.007)	0.019 (0.007)						1.09 (0.48)			0.017 (0.008)
Father’s Mental Health Problems			ns							15.53 (7.23)	15.66 (7.19)		0.26 (0.12)	ns		ns	ns
Mother’s Mental Health Problems			ns							19.25 (6.09)	18.91 (6.06)		0.20 (0.10)	ns		32.58 (8.48)	32.54 (8.47)
Anxiety Symptoms														0.011 (0.005)
Depressive Symptoms			−0.005 (0.002)				−1.05 (0.38)	−1.02 (0.37)
Shared associations with both gambling and substance use
Sex	1.65 (0.13)	1.58 (0.13)	0.102 (0.030)	0.21 (0.08)		0.13 (0.03)	12.26 (4.36)		10.17 (1.81)	20.65 (4.16)	9.50 (4.12)	6.77 (1.82)	0.26 (0.07)		0.17 (0.03)			6.28 (2.32)
Race/Ethnicity	0.29 (0.14)		0.09 (0.03)	0.160 (0.078)		ns	19.97 (4.55)	15.63 (4.24)	1.80 (0.89)			ns			0.030 (0.015)			ns
Behavioral Dysregulation	0.014 (0.005)	0.017 (0.005)				0.0011 (0.0005)			0.084 (0.036)		−0.43 (0.19)	0.056 (0.026)		−0.010 (0.003)	0.0014 (0.0006)			0.052 (0.028)
Sensation-seeking	0.076 (0.029)		0.040 (0.008)	0.072 (0.017)	0.065 (0.017)	0.0061 (0.0027)	4.52 (0.97)	3.95 (0.96)	0.47 (0.20)	2.84 (0.98)	2.58 (1.03)	0.31 (0.14)	0.11 (0.02)	0.11 (0.02)	0.008 (0.003)	7.10 (1.36)	6.53 (1.38)	ns

Note. AUD=Alcohol Use Disorder. All results shown were statistically significant (p<.05). Non-significant pathways that were omitted during the model fitting process are represented by empty cells. Race/ethnicity was parameterized as minority vs. non-Hispanic White.

Five additional independent variables that were tested and found to be non-significant in both models were omitted from this table (mother’s education, mother’s and father’s drug problems, affective dysregulation, cognitive dysregulation), as was father’s education, for which only one hypothesized path was significant (to gambling, Model B only).