Table 2.

Impact of defined minimal bacterial consortia on immune parameters in vivo

Minimal consortium (host species)	Reference	Impact on host phenotype
ASF (mouse)	Jergens et al. 2007 (120)	Induction of systemic IgG
ASF (mouse)	Ivanov et al. 2008 (197)	Lack of Th17 cells and increased proportions of Foxp3+ cells in the small intestinal lamina propria; reduced proportion of IgA+ cells compared with SPF mice
ASF (mouse)	Hapfelmeier et al. 2010 (198)	Induction of IgA in duodenum
ASF (mouse)	Feng et al. 2010 (199)	Homeostatic and spontaneous proliferation of CBir1 TCR transgenic T cells in RAG-knockout mice
ASF (mouse)	Geuking et al. 2011 (200)	Activation and de novo generation of colonic Treg cells
Bristol microbiota (pig)	Laycock et al. 2012 (133)	Increase in serum levels of immunoglobulins
ASF (mouse)	Mosconi et al. 2013 (201)	Induction of Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) mRNA expression in colonic lamina propria; Induction of IL-17 and IFN-γ in TSLP-knockout mice but not C57BL/6 wildtypes
ASF (mouse)	Natividad et al. 2013 (202)	RegIII-γ expression in ileum and colon lower than that induced by a complex microbiota
17-member clostridia cocktail (mouse)	Atarashi et al. 2013 (136)	Treg cell maturation
SIHUMI (mouse)	Eun et al. 2014 (118)	Increased IL-17, IL12-p40, and IFN-γ protein secretion by colonic tissue explants and MLN from IL10-knockout mice

ASF, Altered Schaedler Flora; MLN, mesenteric lymph node; SIHUMI, simplified human intestinal microbiota; SPF, specific pathogen-free