Figure 2. The relation between intraoperative music performance and pre-operative fMRI.

All intraoperative stimulation sites are represented as spheres on the cortical surface. A. Patient AE made 8 major and four minor errors in the melody repetition task after stimulation; 4 of the major errors were caused by electrical stimulation on the corresponding trial (red and blue spheres); the remaining 4 major errors were caused by afterdischarges propagating from stimulation events on prior trials (yellow spheres)—two spheres are shown for such trials, as one stimulation event was associated with major errors on 3 subsequent trials, and one stimulation event was associated with major errors on 1 subsequent trial; 4 minor errors were associated with stimulation sites in cyan. See Movies S1 and S2 for examples of inaccurate and accurate intraoperative trials. B. Intraoperative melody repetition during stimulation is related to pre-operative fMRI defined music activity. Functional MRI voxels corresponding to stimulation sites associated with errors exhibited stronger pre-operative BOLD contrast for musical stimuli compared to functional voxels corresponding to stimulation sites that never resulted in an error; this effect was present for a range of contrasts used to define music preferences (* p < .001, unpaired samples t-test). C. Stimulation sites associated with correct melody repetition are plotted in white. Stimulation of the right posterior superior temporal gyrus did not always elicit errors in melody repetition, but major errors were caused by stimulation of that region (panel A). D. Stimulation sites associated with correct picture naming and sentence repetition trials. There was no effect of stimulation to the right posterior superior temporal gyrus on picture naming or sentence repetition trials (see also Figure S1 and Movie S2).