Table 2.

Evidence of neurovascular dysfunction in major neurodegenerative diseases

Disease	Vascular morphology	Blood-brain barrier	Cerebral perfusion	Selected references
Alzheimer’s disease	Microvascular damage Microbleeds WM lesions ATS in cerebral arteries	Early increase in BBB perm. to Gd Late small increase in Qalb	Reduced CBF before symptoms Reduced neurovascular coupling	Janelidze et al, 2017 Toledo et al., 2013 Roher et al., 2004 Montagne et al, 2015 Kisler et al., 2017a
Frontotemporal dementia	Microvascular damage Microbleeds WM lesions Perivascular astrocyte damage	Increase in Qalb	Reduced CBF before symptoms	Sudre et al., 2017 Janelidze et al., 2017 Dopper et al., 2016 Martin et al., 2001 Thal et al., 2015
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Microvascular damage RBC extravasation in some cases	Increase in Qalb Reduced TJ proteins Plasma protein extravasation	Reduced CBF correlates with disease progression Reduced neurovascular coupling	Murphy et al., 2012 Rule et al., 2010 Abrahams et al.,1996 Henkel et al., 2009 Winkler et al., 2013
Idiopathic Parkinson disease	Microvascular damage late in disease Increased endothelial cell nuclei in SN	Increase in Qalb in late phase BBB Pgp dysfunction Increase in VEGF in CSF	Early CBF reductions Preserved neurovascular coupling	Janelidze et al., 2015 Kortekaas et al., 2005 Pisani et al., 2012 Rosengarten et al., 2010 Al-Bachari et al., 2014 Guan et al., 2013 Faucheux et al., 1999
Dementia with Lewy bodies	Microvascular damage ATS in cerebral arteries	Increase in Qalb	Early CBF reductions	Janelidze et al., 2017 Roquet et al., 2016 Ghebremedhin et al., 2010 Miners et al., 2014

Abbreviations: ATS: atherosclerosis; Qalb: CSF/Plasma albumin ratio (index of BBB permeability); Gd: gadolinium; Pgp: P-glycoprotein efflux transporter; SN: substantia nigra; TJ: tight junctions; WM: white matter.