Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and sex.
| Characteristics | Men | p | Women | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No NAFLD | NAFLD | No NAFLD | NAFLD | |||
| Number | 70,954 | 41,370 | 86,660 | 9,594 | ||
| Age (years)a | 36.8 (7.6) | 37.9 (7.6) | <0.001 | 36.7 (7.4) | 42.8 (10.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (2.4) | 26.1 (2.7) | <0.001 | 21.3 (2.5) | 25.6 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (%) | 21.8 | 63.4 | <0.001 | 8.1 | 52.3 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 42.1 | 42.2 | <0.001 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 0.255 |
| Alcohol intake (%)b | 44.3 | 44.8 | 0.085 | 6.1 | 4.9 | <0.001 |
| Vigorous exercise (%)c | 16.2 | 13.3 | <0.001 | 13.8 | 14.8 | 0.007 |
| High education level (%)d | 85.2 | 87.4 | <0.001 | 71.8 | 54.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 1.5 | 5.4 | <0.001 | 0.7 | 8.2 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 12.0 | 21.9 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 20.2 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)a | 114.9 (11.9) | 118.7 (12.7) | <0.001 | 105.9 (12.4) | 114.8 (15.5) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)a | 74.4 (8.9) | 77.4 (9.5) | <0.001 | 67.5 (8.7) | 73.2 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl)a | 93.1 (11.8) | 98.7 (18.4) | <0.001 | 90.1 (9.1) | 100.1 (22.7) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl)a | 5.9 (1.1) | 6.5 (1.2) | <0.001 | 4.1 (0.8) | 4.7 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl)a | 192.3 (32.4) | 208.4 (34.8) | <0.001 | 183.9 (31.9) | 204.6 (36.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl)a | 114.8 (28.0) | 128.7 (30.3) | <0.001 | 103.1 (27.0) | 124.8 (31.8) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl)a | 54.1 (11.4) | 48.0 (9.3) | <0.001 | 62.5 (13.4) | 53.5 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)e | 102 (76–141) | 155 (113–214) | <0.001 | 72 (56–97) | 122 (88–171) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/l)e | 14 (11–20) | 16 (11–22) | <0.001 | 14 (11–19) | 14 (11–18) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/l)e | 18 (15–21) | 18 (15–22) | <0.001 | 18 (15–21) | 18 (15–21) | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/l)e | 16 (11–23) | 17 (12–28) | <0.001 | 15 (11–22) | 15 (11–20) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IRe | 1.47 (1.04–1.96) | 2.13 (1.55–2.82) | <0.001 | 1.45 (0.97–1.97) | 2.27 (1.60–3.10) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/l)e | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as amean (standard deviation), emedians (interquartile range), or percentage.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
b ≥ 10 g of ethanol per day; c ≥ 3 times per week; d≥ College graduate