Figure 1.

ZD ameliorates cell injury induced by LPS and H₂O₂ in hADMSCs. (A, B) Measurement of cell viability and apoptotic ratio after different doses of ZD (gray column) with or without LPS/H₂O₂ coincubation (dark gray column). A proven stem cell protective agent, edaravone (light gray column), was used as the positive control. (C, D) Activities of caspases 3/7 or caspase 8 from cell lysates after LPS/H₂O₂ incubation with or without ZD cotreatment. (E, F) Secreted TNF-a and IL-6 level changes after LPS/H₂O₂ incubation with or without ZD cotreatment. (G, H) Intracellular production of ROS was detected by fluorescence probe DCFH-DA (200x) after LPS/H₂O₂ incubation with or without ZD cotreatment. (I) Changes of ratio between glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and (J) Western blot for the expression of CAT and SOD1 after LPS/H₂O₂ incubation with or without ZD cotreatment. The treatment duration is 24 h. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 mean significant changes between control and treatments, respectively; ###p < 0.001 means significant changes between indicated treatment with LPS/H₂O₂ incubation group. L + H, LPS/H₂O₂; Eda, edaravone; v-ZD, vehicle-ZD treatment; Ctrl, control; ZD, zeaxanthin dipalmitate; hADMSCs, human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-6, interleukin-6; DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate; CAT, catalase; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.