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. 2017 Jun 30;26(7):1156–1168. doi: 10.1177/0963689717714105

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© The Author(s) 2017

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 1. — The primary and secondary insults from traumatic brain injury (TBI) to dopamine transmission. The responses related to secondary injury includes ischemia, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammatory responses, and sequelae of epigenetic and/or genetic expression changes. AQP4, aquaporin-4; BBB, blood-brain barrier; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; DAT, dopamine transporter; EAA, excitatory amino acid; IDO, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; VMAT2, vesicular monoamine transporter 2.