TABLE 1. Percentage of new mothers with postpartum depressive symptoms, by reporting state — Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 2004, 2008, and 2012.
| Reporting states | 2004 (17 states) |
2008 (22 states) |
2012 (27 states) |
Linear trend* p-value | Average annual percentage-point change from 2004 to 2012† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |||
|
All 27 states
|
15.5 (14.8–16.3)
|
13.6 (12.9–14.3)
|
11.5 (11.0–12.0)
|
<0.01
|
-0.6
|
|
13 states§
|
14.8 (13.9–15.6)
|
12.6 (11.7–13.5)
|
9.8 (9.1–10.6)
|
<0.01
|
-0.6
|
| Alaska |
16.6 (14.2–19.3) |
13.1 (10.9–15.6) |
12.2 (9.9–14.9) |
0.02 |
-0.5 |
| Arkansas |
—¶ |
—¶ |
20.1 (16.1–24.9) |
—** |
—†† |
| Colorado |
15.0 (12.8–17.4) |
13.4 (11.5–15.5) |
8.9 (7.0–11.3) |
<0.01 |
-0.7 |
| Delaware |
—§§ |
14.3 (12.4–16.4) |
13.6 (11.6–15.9) |
—** |
—†† |
| Georgia |
17.2 (14.8–20.0) |
12.7 (9.8–16.3) |
8.0 (6.1–10.3) |
<0.01 |
-1.1 |
| Hawaii |
16.8 (15.3–18.5) |
14.5 (12.9–16.3) |
10.6 (8.8–12.7) |
<0.01 |
-0.8 |
| Illinois |
—¶ |
—¶ |
8.1 (6.5–10.1) |
—** |
—†† |
| Maine |
11.1 (9.2–13.4) |
12.6 (10.5–15.1) |
10.5 (8.1–13.6) |
0.76 |
—†† |
| Maryland |
15.2 (12.7–18.2) |
13.4 (11.1–16.2) |
12.1 (9.8–14.9) |
0.11 |
—†† |
| Massachusetts |
—§§ |
12.7 (10.8–15.0) |
11.9 (10.0–14.2) |
—** |
—†† |
| Minnesota |
12.7 (10.7–15.0) |
9.8 (8.2–11.6) |
9.3 (7.4–11.5) |
0.03 |
-0.4 |
| Missouri |
—§§ |
—§§ |
14.9 (12.3–17.8) |
—** |
—†† |
| Nebraska |
14.3 (12.5–16.2) |
10.8 (9.1–12.7) |
11.1 (9.1–13.4) |
0.03 |
-0.4 |
| New Jersey |
—¶ |
—¶ |
9.7 (8.0–11.7) |
—** |
—†† |
| New Mexico |
19.5 (17.4–21.7) |
—§§ |
14.0 (11.8–16.6) |
—** |
—†† |
| New York¶¶ |
14.5 (12.0–17.5) |
12.6 (10.3–15.2) |
—§§ |
—** |
—†† |
| New York City |
—¶ |
—§§ |
11.8 (9.9–14.0) |
—** |
—†† |
| North Carolina |
17.7 (15.4–20.2) |
14.0 (12.1–16.2) |
—§§ |
—** |
—†† |
| Ohio |
—§§ |
16.3 (13.9–19.0) |
13.2 (11.2–15.3) |
—** |
—†† |
| Oklahoma |
—¶ |
—¶ |
14.9 (12.3–18.0) |
—** |
—†† |
| Oregon |
13.2 (11.0–15.74) |
12.3 (10.0–14.9) |
9.5 (6.9–12.8) |
0.06 |
—†† |
| Pennsylvania |
—§§ |
11.9 (9.9–14.2) |
12.3 (9.9–15.1) |
—** |
—†† |
| Rhode Island |
13.4 (11.5–15.6) |
13.6 (11.5–16.0) |
13.9 (11.9–16.1) |
0.75 |
—†† |
| South Carolina |
19.6 (16.4–23.2) |
—§§ |
—§§ |
—** |
—†† |
| Tennessee |
—§§ |
21.1 (17.5–25.2) |
17.0 (14.1–20.5) |
—** |
—†† |
| Utah |
14.8 (13.1–16.6) |
12.4 (10.8–14.2) |
11.3 (9.1–13.3) |
0.01 |
-0.4 |
| Vermont |
12.2 (10.3–14.4) |
11.6 (9.8–13.8) |
10.1 (8.4–12.1) |
0.13 |
—†† |
| Washington |
13.5 (11.4–16.0) |
13.4 (11.3–15.9) |
10.1 (7.9–12.5) |
0.03 |
-0.4 |
| Wisconsin |
—§§ |
13.5 (11.4–16.1) |
11.1 (8.9–13.8) |
—** |
—†† |
| Wyoming | —§§ | 11.6 (9.4–14.3) | 13.8 (10.7–17.6) | —** | —†† |
Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.
* State-specific linear trends were assessed using logistic regression models among states with all three periods using year of birth as the predictor. Overall linear trends for all states and for combined 13 states with data for all three periods also were adjusted for state in regression models.
† Average annual percentage-point change during 2004–2012 was calculated using the beta coefficient of the infant’s birth year from the linear model and the average percentage over 2004–2012.
§ Included 13 states that had data for all three periods: Alaska, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, and Washington.
¶ PRAMS state did not ask the postpartum depressive symptoms questions on the survey that year.
** Insufficient data (<3 years) to assess linear trend.
†† Annual percentage point-change was not computed because of either nonsignificant linear trend or insufficient data to calculate linear trend.
§§ States did not participate in PRAMS or participated in PRAMS but did not meet response rate threshold for that year for data to be included.
¶¶ Areas of New York state outside of New York City.