TABLE 2. Percentage of new mothers with postpartum depressive symptoms, by selected characteristics — Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 13 reporting states,* 2004, 2008, and 2012.
| Characteristic | 2004 % (95% CI) | 2008 % (95% CI) | 2012 % (95% CI) | Linear trend† p-value | Average annual percentage-point change during 2004–2012§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Maternal age group (yrs)
| |||||
| ≤19 |
24.6 (21.3–28.3) |
21.4 (17.2–26.3) |
18.3 (14.9–22.2) |
0.016 |
-0.8 |
| 20–24 |
18.5 (16.7–20.5) |
16.8 (14.6–19.2) |
11.5 (9.8–13.4) |
<0.001 |
−0.9 |
| 25–34 |
12.4 (11.4–13.6) |
10.2 (9.1–11.3) |
8.6 (7.7–9.7) |
<0.001 |
-0.5 |
| ≥35 |
11.0 (9.3–13.0) |
8.8 (7.5–10.4) |
8.9 (7.2–10.8) |
0.102 |
—¶ |
|
Maternal race/Ethnicity** | |||||
| White, Non-Hispanic |
11.9 (10.9–12.9) |
10.4 (9.4–11.4) |
8.6 (7.6–9.6) |
<0.001 |
-0.4 |
| Black, Non-Hispanic |
21.5 (19.0–24.2) |
18.9 (14.8–23.9) |
10.8 (8.5–13.7) |
<0.001 |
-1.3 |
| Hispanic |
18.2 (15.9–20.9) |
13.4 (11.5–15.6) |
10.5 (8.7–12.5) |
<0.001 |
-0.9 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native |
22.8 (18.7–27.5) |
19.0 (16.2–22.1) |
17.5 (14.1–21.6) |
0.071 |
—¶ |
| Asian/Pacific Islander |
18.5 (16.1–21.2) |
14.9 (12.5–17.6) |
14.0 (11.7–16.7) |
0.018 |
−0.5 |
| Other |
29.8 (19.6–42.6) |
17.6 (11.4–26.3) |
10.7 (7.5–15.0) |
<0.001 |
−2.0 |
|
Education level (yrs)
| |||||
| <12 |
23.6 (21.0–26.3) |
20.2 (17.1–23.6) |
13.4 (11.2–16.0) |
<0.001 |
−1.2 |
| 12 |
17.4 (15.9–19.1) |
14.9 (13.1–17.0) |
12.3 (10.6–14.2) |
<0.001 |
−0.6 |
| >12 |
10.4 (9.5–11.4) |
9.1 (8.2–10.2) |
8.0 (7.2–8.9) |
<0.001 |
−0.3 |
|
Marital status
| |||||
| Unmarried |
22.0 (20.3–23.9) |
18.5 (16.4–20.7) |
12.7 (11.3–14.2) |
<0.001 |
−0.1 |
| Married |
11.5 (10.7–12.5) |
9.4 (8.6–10.3) |
8.4 (7.5–9.3) |
<0.001 |
−0.2 |
|
No. of previous live births
| |||||
| First birth |
13.5 (12.3–14.8) |
12.0 (10.6–13.6) |
9.4 (8.3–10.6) |
<0.001 |
−0.5 |
| Second or later birth |
15.7 (14.6–16.8) |
13.0 (11.8–14.3) |
10.0 (9.0–11.0) |
<0.001 |
−0.7 |
|
Postpartum smoking status
| |||||
| Nonsmoker |
12.4 (11.6–13.3) |
11.1 (10.1–12.1) |
8.7 (8.0–9.5) |
<0.001 |
−0.5 |
| Smoker |
26.3 (23.7–29.2) |
21.8 (18.8–25.1) |
17.7 (14.9–20.8) |
<0.001 |
−1.1 |
|
No. of stressful life events in 12 months before birth
| |||||
| None |
7.3 (6.3–8.5) |
5.6 (4.7–6.6) |
6.4 (5.2–7.7) |
0.268 |
—¶ |
| 1–2 |
12.2 (11.0–13.4) |
11.4 (10.1–13.0) |
8.0 (7.0–9.2) |
<0.001 |
−0.5 |
| 3–5 |
24.0 (21.9–26.3) |
20.2 (17.8–22.8) |
14.4 (12.6–16.3) |
<0.001 |
−1.2 |
| 6–13 |
37.3 (32.5–42.3) |
34.0 (28.5–40.0) |
24.2 (20.0–29.0) |
<0.001 |
−1.6 |
|
Gestational age and birthweight
††
| |||||
| Preterm |
19.0 (16.6–21.6) |
15.4 (13.4–17.7) |
11.7 (9.8–13.8) |
<0.001 |
−0.9 |
| Term, low birthweight |
20.4 (16.0–25.5) |
19.1 (15.4–23.5) |
17.6 (13.4–22.8) |
0.412 |
—¶ |
| Term, normal birthweight |
14.2 (13.4–15.2) |
12.0 (11.0–13.0) |
9.5 (8.7–10.4) |
<0.001 |
−0.6 |
|
Infant admission to NICU at birth
| |||||
| No |
14.0 (13.1–14.9) |
11.7 (10.8–12.7) |
9.5 (8.7–10.4) |
<0.001 |
−1.0 |
| Yes | 20.5 (17.9–23.4) | 18.6 (15.6–22.0) | 12.5 (10.4–14.9) | <0.001 | −0.5 |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; NICU = neonatal intensive care unit.
* Included 13 states that had data for all three periods: Alaska, Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, and Washington.
† State-specific linear trends were assessed using logistic regression models among states with all 3 periods using year of birth as the predictor.
§ Unadjusted average annual percentage-point change in prevalence within selected characteristic during 2004–2012 was calculated using the beta coefficient of the infant's birth year from the linear model and the average percentage during 2004–2012.
¶ Average annual percentage-point change was not computed because linear trend was not significant.
** Vermont data do not include race/ethnicity, and were excluded from subgroup analysis.
†† Preterm birth: <37 weeks’ gestation; Term, low birthweight: ≥37 weeks’ gestation and <2,500 g; Term, normal birthweight: ≥37 weeks’ gestation and ≥2,500 g.