Table 1.

Mortality of B. dorsalis caused by stress of different combinations of low temperature and duration ^a

Temperature(°C)	Treatment duration
	1 h	3 h	6 h	12 h	24 h	48 h
Third-instar larvae
10	4.97 ± 0.17	10.10 ± 0.31	15.97 ± 0.38	20.00 ± 0.46	25.93 ± 0.50	31.00 ± 0.35
5	10.03 ± 0.27	17.00 ± 0.30	21.17 ± 0.29	25.00 ± 0.52	31.97 ± 0.09	37.83 ± 0.18
0	25.00 ± 0.52	59.00 ± 0.21	87.07 ± 0.23	96.67 ± 0.03	98.90 ± 1.10	100.00
−5	36.97 ± 0.32	67.10 ± 0.40	89.17 ± 0.35	98.90 ± 1.10	100.00	100.00
−10	96.93 ± 0.03	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Three-day-old pupae
10	0	0	0	0	0	5
5	0	0	6.07 ± 0.33	10.07 ± 0.35	15.07 ± 0.18	17.00 ± 0.50
0	7.93 ± 0.39	13.03 ± 0.27	18.00 ± 0.10	23.10 ± 0.47	27.07 ± 0.50	31.13 ± 0.24
−5	17.10 ± 0.21	23.03 ± 0.18	23.97 ± 0.09	26.93 ± 0.38	47.97 ± 0.09	76.90 ± 0.47
−10	36.03 ± 0.20	45.10 ± 0.21	70.93 ± 0.24	84.97 ± 0.50	93.10 ± 0.66	100.00
Two-day-old adults
10	0	0	0	0	13.90 ± 0.21	18.10 ± 0.10
5	2.23 ± 1.12	8.00 ± 0.17	17.00 ± 0.21	22.10 ± 0.38	23.97 ± 0.09	34.13 ± 0.42
0	6.07 ± 0.33	17.00 ± 0.30	27.07 ± 0.27	32.87 ± 0.43	47.07 ± 0.44	61.03 ± 0.24
−5	31.27 ± 0.64	62.03 ± 0.29	86.90 ± 0.38	96.63 ± 0.03	100.00	100.00

^a Mean ± SD ( n  = 3).