Table 1. Baseline clinical hematological and biochemical parameters, parameters, SOFA score, and immune profiles of the study patients.
| All (N = 106) |
Non-survivor (n = 21) |
Survivor (n = 85) |
P value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | ||||
| Age (years), mean (SD)a | 68.22 (15.7) | 68.19 (14.5) | 68.23 (16.2) | 0.834 |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 26.78 (8.5) | 28.55 (8.3) | 26.36 (8.6) | 0.269 |
| Male, n (%)b | 61 (57) | 11 (52) | 50 (58) | 0.593 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 23.24 (5.1) | 24.75 (4.7) | 22.86 (5.5) | 0.078 |
| Charlson index, mean (SD) | 2.42 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.35 (1.6) | 0.104 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 32 (30) | 6 (29) | 26 (31) | 0.857 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 64 (60) | 15 (71) | 49 (58) | 0.248 |
| COPD, n (%) | 18 (17) | 2 (10) | 16 (19) | 0.309 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 5 (5) | 1 (5) | 4 (5) | 0.991 |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis, n (%) | 4 (4) | 1 (5) | 3 (4) | 0.791 |
| Cancer, n (%) | 15 (14) | 3 (14) | 12 (14) | 0.984 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 55 (52) | 13 (62) | 42 (49) | 0.305 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 24 (23) | 5 (24) | 19 (22) | 0.886 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 28 (26) | 8 (38) | 20 (24) | 0.175 |
| Baseline SOFS score, hematological and serum biochemical analyses | ||||
| SOFA score, mean (SD) | 9.45 (3.6) | 12.09 (4.4) | 8.8 (3.15) | 0.001 |
| WBC, 1000/μL, mean (SD) | 16.27 (8.5) | 18.61 (10.3) | 15.70 (7.9) | 0.290 |
| SeMo ratio, mean (SD) | 30.97 (50.3) | 23.75 (28.30) | 32.69 (54.2) | 0.046 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L, mean (SD) | 171.79 (128.0) | 220.02 (152.0) | 160.61 (120.0) | 0.208 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL, mean (SD) | 23.93 (49.7) | 29.81 (49.0) | 22.43 (50.0) | 0.487 |
| Immune profiles | ||||
| G-CSF pg/mL, mean (SD) | 63.09 (104.8) | 94.74 (232.5) | 53.09 (99.13) | 0.033 |
| IL-10, pg/mL, mean (SD) | 15.25 (58.05) | 82.78 (147.26) | 10.62 (31.6) | 0.010 |
| IL-6, pg/mL, mean (SD) | 43.31 (84.3) | 91.16 (473.29) | 33.82 (80.8) | 0.004 |
| TNF-α pg/mL, mean (SD) | 31.15 (36.5) | 39.13 (87.8) | 28.46 (34.8) | 0.048 |
| HLA-DR expression %, mean (SD) | 90.30 (18.4) | 87.1 (39.9) | 92.05 (11.1) | 0.030 |
a continuous variables were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test.
b Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate.
Abbreviations: COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; G-CSF, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; HLA-DR, human leukocyte antigen D–related; IL, interleukin; SeMo, segmented neutrophil-to-monocyte; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.